The Twenties, 1919-1929 “The Jazz Age” A Booming Economy The Business of Government Clash of Values The New Mass Culture The Harlem Renaissance

Find your new seat on the chart posted on the board.

4 Major Trends of the 1920s 1. The 1920s were a time of great prosperity. 2. The 1920s were a time of great tension between groups in society. 3. The 1920s were a time of great creativity. 4. The 1920s were a time of great inequality.

1920s Timeline 1919—18th Amendment =Prohibition on alcohol 1920—19th Amendment gave women the right to vote 1921—Warren Harding, President, 1921-1923 1922—Teapot Dome Scandal (government corruption) 1923—Calvin Coolidge, President, 1923-1929 1924—National Origins Act limits immigration to U.S. 1925—Scopes Trial in TN: Science and Religion 1927—The Jazz Singer, first talking movie 1929—Herbert Hoover enters the White House Stock Market Crashes Prosperity of the 1920s ends

I. A Booming Economy: The “Roaring 20s” Why It Matters: 1. After WWI, the American economy grew rapidly. 2. With mass production, workers produced more goods faster and cheaper than ever before; they also began buying goods on credit. 3. The economic boom of the 1920s changed the lives of millions of people and helped create our modern consumer society of today.

What factors drove the economic boom of the 1920s? Two Major factors: 1. Europe had been devastated by war. The U.S. was the only healthy industrial power in the world. 2. But the most important factor was new technology and inventions that led industrial expansion

New technology of the 1920s included: 1. Vacuum cleaners 2. Washing machines 3. Radios 4. Sewing machines 5. Computers at MIT 6. Genetic Research 7. Faster Trains 8. Commercial aviation

*The Automobile was the most important new technological invention of the 1920s: 1. Automobile industry drove the booming economy 2. Autos led to the growth of other industries: Steel, rubber, glass, gasoline, oil, road construction, housing construction, motels, restaurants, gas stations

Henry Ford Henry Ford was at the center of these great changes of the 1920s, and he wasn't modest about his place in history. As he once said: "I invented the modern age." Now that's pushing it. But this cranky cultural reactionary, who, at the height of the Jazz Age, tried to revive square dancing and country fiddling, was one of the greatest revolutionaries of the Industrial Age. His Model T Ford began this country's love affair with the car and turned America into an automobile civilization. But Ford's greatest innovation wasn't the Model T. It was the system he developed for making it, and thousands of other products. This was modern mass production, the single most important factor in making America the economic and military powerhouse of the 20th century. Ford's system of belt-driven assembly line production is arguably the most important innovation of the Industrial Age. Ford, in fact, coined the word, "mass production." Until he did, in 1926, it was called Fordism. All of us are products, in one way or another, of Fordism. Henry Ford was born on a farm near Dearborn, Michigan in l863, only a few weeks after the Union victories at Gettysburg and Vicksburg. As a boy, he loved to roam in the woods and fields by the River Rouge, near his home, and he developed a lifelong attachment to rural values of thrift, self-reliance, and simple living. But in truth, he hated the isolation and boredom of farm life. This was the Machine Age, and he was enthralled by modern machinery. At age sixteen, he left home and walked to Detroit, where he found work in a machine shop. His dream was the dream of countless other backyard mechanics of that time with names like Dodge, Buick, and Olds. It was to build a horseless carriage, a self-propelling road machine that ran, not on steam, but on the fuel of the coming age, gasoline. Ford spent his evenings after work in a small shed behind his house putting together his first car. When he finished it on June 4th 1896, it was almost two in the morning, but he was so excited he wanted to take it for a run. Then he realized that the door of the shed wasn't wide enough to get his road machine through. So he grabbed an axe, demolished the doorframe, and rode off into the night. His wasn't the first car. Europeans like Karl Benz had been making cars for at least a decade. But Ford's could go 20 miles per hour, a terrific speed back then; and it was reliable and didn't cost that much. As he built more cars and formed his own company with the backing of Detroit capitalists, Ford developed the idea that would make him the most powerful industrialist in America. Mass Production & the Assembly Line In 1900, most cars were rich men's toys. Ford wanted to build an inexpensive car for farmers like his Irish father. It would be rugged, reliable, and designed for rough country roads; and it would liberate rural people from the isolation that had nearly driven him crazy on his father's farm. Ford was convinced there was only one way to make such a car. He'd fix on a design, freeze it, and then work on ways to reproduce it year after year. As he said, "The way to make cars is to make one automobile just like another automobile; just as one pen is like another pen, or one match is like another match when it comes from a match factory." When Ford's chief financial backer kept pushing for big, fancy cars, Ford bought him out in 1906, built a new production plant at Highland Park, north of Detroit, and began work on the Model T with a team of dedicated mechanics. Here was Ford, the backyard mechanic, in his glory, working day and night on his dream product, tinkering, testing, playing with new ideas, working with men he respected, all of them self-taught. And the car they produced was a beauty. It ran like a dream, but at $825, the equivalent of a teacher's salary back then, it was still too expensive for the common man. The car would stay the same. What had to change was the way of making it. This is where Ford would make his outstanding contribution to the machine age: as a systems-builder, the creator of a gigantic technological system capable of producing, well, almost anything. To drive down the price of his car he'd have to make lots of them. The profits would come from volume, not pricing. And that meant speeding up the work by simplifying it. Adam Smith had called it the division of labor. By 1914, Ford and his engineers had installed a belt-driven movable production line that took the work to the worker, and then carried that man's work to another worker, and so, until a shining Model T rolled off the line. It was continuous flow production. No one had ever done this before. Before Ford, the closest thing to continuous flow production was the dis-assembly line of the Chicago meat packing plants, where animal carcasses hung on a rail and moved from butcher to butcher. Ford claimed that this was the inspiration for his own assembly line. Ford worked incessantly to simplify manufacturing until most work was done automatically, without thought. The culmination was a system where men and machines were merged into a single tremendous machine, a megamachine, with the belt as the boss. Before the assembly line, it took 13 hours to make a car. Soon it took less than an hour. By saving time, Ford saved money and drove down the price of his car nearly every year. The last Model T, built in 1927, cost a mere $290.

The Ford Assembly Line Mass production=production of goods in large numbers through the use of machinery and assembly lines Assembly line=arrangement of equipment and workers in which work passes from operation to operation in a direct line until the product is assembled Scientific management=experts study ways to improve efficiency by studying every step of the process

Innovation =change in way of doing something Model T=Henry Ford’s car many Americans could afford Henry Ford=carmaker who introduced a series of methods and ideas that revolutionized production, wages, and working conditions, and daily life

Ford Assembly Line Labor Conditions While the car liberated the driver, it enchained the workers who made it. It's ironic that the challenging, experimental enterprise that produced the assembly line at Highland Park created a new kind of work devoid of excitement and challenge. Here is the continuing dilemma of mass production. Speed and specialization drives down prices. But in democratizing consumption, it debases work. At Ford's plants, spotters and foreman enforced regulations that forbade leaning against machines, sitting, talking, singing, even whistling and smiling. Ford workers learned to communicate without moving their lips. They called this "the Ford whisper." And men went crazy from the speedup and the tedium of the work. The result was an enormous, hugely expensive labor turnover; almost 400% in the first year the line was installed. Ford solved this problem with another radical innovation: the five-dollar, eight hour day. This was when the average work day was 9 hours and the average industrial wage, $2.45. Workers all over the country poured into Detroit, and the press hailed Ford as an enlightened employer. But Ford's fellow industrialists blasted him for undermining the capitalist system. Ford, however, understood something most of them hadn't figured out yet: that a mass production economy would grind to a halt unless workers were paid back enough to buy back the products they made. When Ford's advertising department brought him a slogan "Buy a Ford, Save the Difference," he changed it to "Buy a Ford, Spend the Difference." The advocate of rural thrift had certainly altered his tune. Still, Ford's passion was production, not distribution. Yet this obsessive preoccupation with production would soon undermine his dominance of the auto industry.

1920s Gas Station

In 1929, the nation produced 5.5 million cars and 5 of every 6 cars in the world were owned by Americans.

Automobiles transformed American society: 1. Drove the economy and promoted buying on credit 2. Social freedom, dating and privacy 3. Drinking alcohol 4. Cars were a status symbol 5. Americans were mobile and took vacations 6. Americans moved to the suburbs which transformed cities 7. Increased socialization, ended isolation 8. Gave rise to a youth culture

Start fri 3rd period

“Story of Us” Video-Automobiles Automobile Industry in 1920s (5 min)

Advertising and Buying on Credit Consumer revolution=a time when more goods were affordable and available to more people in American society Installment buying=customers would make small down payment on an item and pay the rest in monthly payments.

Walking ads for stockings

Movies of the 1920s By this time, the auto-age city had become, as well, Tinsel Town, the capital of American movie-making. That too happened in the 20s, when a sleepy little retirement community called Hollywood became the home of the world's greatest concentration of movie studios. The movie industry grew up in New York City in the first two decades of the 20th century, and many of the first movie houses and small studios were run by immigrant Jews who got started in the garment industry, a business based, as movies were, on changing styles. These silent movies were universal entertainment. There were no language barriers to overcome, so they became wildly popular in ethnic communities. The New York Jews who created Hollywood were risktakers and dreamers. They started small and became big: Samuel Goldwyn, William Fox, Adolph Zukor, Louis B. Mayer, Marcus Loew, the Warner Brothers (Harry and Jack). They came for the sunshine and the space. In that age of poor lighting, most movies had to be made outdoors. California sunlight allowed producers to make movies all year round. Land was also cheap and available in big parcels, giving studios lots of room to expand as they moved to the production of biblical extravaganzas with huge casts and sets. Henry Ford hated movies. Even the religious epics were, he said, "all about sex and sin." And they were made by Jews, who Ford blamed for everything, from jazz ("Jews ruled the music industry"), to short skirts ("Jews also controlled the garment industry"). But even Ford used newsreel-type films to advertise his cars to a country hooked on movies. By the mid-'20s, 100 million people were going to movies every week. And films about the rich and famous whetted the appetite of people for cars and other expensive consumer goods. Ford held his nose while his wallet expanded. Like most Americans, Ford looked to a future of unstoppable economic growth. But just when people were thinking that the prosperity wave would never break, it broke.

The Bull Market of the 1920s A Bull market—stocks are rising in value Bear Market –stocks are losing value

The Bull Market Bull Market=stock prices rose in the 1920s and more Americans began to invest in stocks Get rich quick! Buying on Margin=to pay for stocks, many people bought stocks on “credit” by only putting 10% down. They believed they could pay the rest of the cost with profits from the stock market.

Cities, Suburbs and the Country Cities and suburbs grew and more Americans moved to urban areas for jobs and entertainment. More skyscrapers were built. Americans began to move to the suburbs (Cars made travel in and out of the city possible.) Farmers were NOT prosperous.

Chrysler Building

First African American Union: Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters

Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters

African Americans in office in Hempstead, TX

Story of Us: Red Summer, 1919 Blacks migrate North during WWI for jobs Racial tensions increase in cities in the North and West Boom: 25:00 Chicago 1919, Red Summer

Farmers at the Market, 1920s

5 Ways the Booming Economy Changed American Life in the 1920s: 1.Wages went up; Americans had money to spend 2. Mass production led to lower prices for goods 3. Advertising increased 4. People bought goods on credit 5. Cities and suburbs grew *In the 1920s, Americans had the highest per capita income in the world.

II. 1920s: The Business of Government Why It Matters: 1. Presidents Warren Harding and Calvin Coolidge and the government in the 1920s supported business growth. Both believed in a smaller federal government. 2. This is a part of a pattern in U.S. history where economic cycles and government action are tied together.

Republican Presidents of the 1920s 1. Warren Harding, 1920 2. Calvin Coolidge, 1923 3. Herbert Hoover, 1928 Republicans controlled government for 12 years

Warren Harding, Ohio

WARREN HARDING (R), 1921-1923 Elected because he promised a “Return to Normalcy.” Americans were tired of war and Progressive reform movements. Harding promised smaller government and lower taxes. “Ohio Gang” –Harding placed his friends in public office

Harding’s Cabinet Members 1. Andrew Mellon, Secretary of the Treasury Wealthy banker Lowered taxes Few regulations on businesses 2. Herbert Hoover, Secretary of Commerce Promoted business 3. “Ohio Gang”-Harding’s corrupt and greedy friends who saw government as a way to get rich. This leads several scandals in the administration.

Teapot Dome Scandal Senator Albert Fall, Secretary of the Interior, took bribes to lease lands with oil reserves for the navy to businessmen. He was convicted and served a year in jail. Warren Harding died of a heart attack. Calvin Coolidge became president.

Warren Harding as President Go to 12:30 minutes The Presidents of the 1920s: Warren G. Harding

“Silent Cal”-Calvin Coolidge, 1923-29

Calvin Coolidge and the Nation Time of prosperity Reduced the federal budget Lowered taxes Gave incentives to businesses Believed in small government “The chief business of the American people is business.” “The man who builds a factory, builds a temple.”

America’s Role in the World 1. No war had been as deadly as World War I. 2. All Americans agreed it should never happen again 3. The U.S. and other nations took steps to reduce weapons and avoid war.

Kellogg-Briand Pact World Court League of Nations U.S. International Affairs 1920-1929 GOAL U.S. Action League of Nations To prevent war and settle disputes between nations W. Wilson wanted to join. U.S. Senate rejected membership World Court To settle international disputes Warren Harding wanted U.S. to participate; rejected by the U.S. Senate Washington Naval Disarmament Conference To reduce the number of arms and size of navies of major powers U.S. and other nations agreed to limit construction of warships Kellogg-Briand Pact To “outlaw war….as an instrument of national policy.” U.S. and other nations agreed

Economic Question of 1920s: How do we pay for WWI? Dawes Plan-provided loans to Germany so they could pay their debts to Great Britain and France (so they could pay the U.S. ) This cycle of debt contributed to the Great Depression.

Herbert Hoover, the Forgotten Progressive, Elected in 1928

Stop and Discuss: Teapot Dome Scandal Kellogg-Briand Pact Dawes Plan How were Harding and Coolidge DIFFERENT from the Progressives (Wilson and Roosevelt)?

1920s, Clash of Cultures: Social and Cultural Tensions Why It Matters: 1. During the 1920s, the nation became increasingly divided over major issues related to religion, science, immigration, morality, and the changing economy. 2.Often this divide increased the tensions between those living in urban areas and those living in rural areas. 3. Many of the same issues continue to divide Americans today. 4. Major Questions: What kind of nation are we? What kind of nation do we hope to become?

Terms to Know Modernism-a growing trend that emphasized science and secular values over traditional ideas and religious beliefs. Religious fundamentalism-belief in strict interpretation of the Bible and that there are “fundamental” truths based on scripture Nativism-fear, suspicion, or resentment of foreigners

Clash of the Cultures, 1920s City vs. Country TRADITIONAL/ RURAL VIEW MODERN/ URBAN VIEW Religious fundamentalism Prohibition-end alcohol consumption Slow to embrace change Suspicious of foreigners (nativism) Modern religion Embraced science Promoted change Focus was more on the individual

2. The rise of nativism and the New Ku Klux Klan Three Examples of the conflicts created by cultural change in the 1920s: 1. Debate over prohibition 2. The rise of nativism and the New Ku Klux Klan 3. Religious fundamentalism vs. modern religion (The Scopes Trial)

Prohibition: “Drys” vs the “Wets”

Ken Burns: Prohibition Preview, 2 minutes

Why did Americans outlaw alcohol in 1919? Alcoholism, child abuse, injuries, job loss, gambling, and prostitution were all connected to alcohol abuse. The crusade against alcohol in the U.S. dated back to the 1850s. **During WWI, Americans argued the grain used to make alcohol was needed for food. Resentment toward German brewers in America after WWI

http://www.history.com/videos/america-goes-dry-with-prohibition

The Laws (Prohibition) 18th Amendment to the Constitution-(1919) prohibited the distribution, sale, or manufacture of alcohol. Volstead Act (1920) law to officially enforce the amendment.

Impact of Prohibition (1920s) Alcohol consumption did drop for a short period, but the law did not stop Americans from drinking. Speakeasies were illegal bars for drinking “hooch” or white lightning An illegal trade in bootleg alcohol led to a rise in organized crime and violence. The most famous organized crime boss was Al Capone. Bootleggers produced, transported and sold alcohol. The issue of Prohibition divided America: Drys vs. Wets

The Story of Us BOOM 33:05- Billy Sunday Bootlegging Cars Organized Crime Forensics

Largest moonshine still seized—”hooch” and white lightning

Al Capone’s Hangout and Coroner’s Report http://www.history.com/videos/al-capone

Nativism Increased in the 1920s Nativism, resentment of foreigners, increased in the 1920s. Americans argued they took jobs and threatened the nation’s political, religious, and cultural traditions. Two laws were passed that limited immigration: Quota System 1. Emergency Quota Act (1921) 2. National Origins Act (1924) Italian immigrants Sacco and Vanzetti (Italian Immigrants) were convicted of murder based on little evidence.

Rise in Nativism: Sacco and Vanzetti

Decline in immigration to the U. S Decline in immigration to the U.S. after the passage of Emergency Quota Act (1921) and National Origins Act (1924)

The New Ku Klux Klan of 1920s Connected to nativism, this organization persecuted Jews, Catholics, African Americans, and immigrants. “Old” Klan had been formed in the South after the Civil War. The “New” Klan was strong in the South , but also in the Midwest (Indiana) and the Northeast. Many Americans opposed the KKK: NAACP Jewish Anti-Defamation League Klan members were often corrupt.

KKK Marches in Washington

KKK Initiation in Mississippi, 1923

Religious Fundamentalism vs Modern Religion: Clash of Values, 1920s Scopes Trial, occurred in Dayton, TN to test the Butler Law Butler Law-forbade the teaching of evolution in schools John Scopes taught high school Dayton and had assigned readings on the theory of evolution The trial pitted Clarence Darrow against William Jennings Bryan The trial was a part of the debate between modernism and fundamentalism in American Society

Religion and Science: the Ongoing Debate In 1632 Galileo published his work on the solar system asserting that the earth revolved around the sun (heliocentric). He was tried and convicted of heresy and sentenced to house arrest.

Charles Darwin’s book, On the Origin of Species (1859) =Within 20 years it convinced most of the international scientific community that evolution was a fact.

John Scopes and the Scopes Trial, Clash of Cultures Science teacher in Dayton, TN who was charged with violating a TN law that banned the teaching of evolution in schools. He was tried and found guilty. Defense Attorney: Clarence Darrow Prosecuting Attorney: William Jennings Bryan

High School in Dayton, TN

Outcome of the Scopes Trial John Scopes was found guilty and fined $100. William Jennings Bryan died 6 days later. The case was appealed to the state supreme court but overturned on a technicality. Of the 15 states that banned the teaching of evolution only two continued to enforce the law: Mississippi and Arkansas **The debate between science and religion and what should be taught in schools continues today.

Why was the Scopes Trial so important in American history? It has been studied for 75 years Scopes trial and the subsequent dramatizations mirror a continuous cultural conflict between different belief systems: modernists and fundamentalists. People were looking for meaning in an increasingly complex world. This is a common theme throughout history.

New Trends in Popular Culture Leisure Patterns: Growth of Cities changed patterns 45 hour work week Creation of the weekend Salaries and wages rise

The Movies Unlike the theatre, movies were relatively inexpensive…therefore available to everyone Silent movies: Charlie Chapman https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=79i84xYelZI

Sports Heroes Babe Ruth in baseball Jack Dempsey in boxing Bobby Jones in golf Gertrude Ederle in swimming Notre Dame’s backfield the “Four Horsemen” in football Famine, Pestilence, Destruction, and Death

Women Assume New Roles Flappers: symbol of women’s new found freedom (p.235) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v= yNAOHtmy4j0 National Women’s Party: women elected into office Family Life Changes: consumerism

Modernism Sigmund Freud: human behavior is driven by unconscious desires…not rational thought Lost Generation of American Authors (no longer had faith in the cultural guideposts of pre WWI) F. Scott Fitzgerald (p. 238) Ernest Hemingway

Current and Future Debates Between Science and Religion Intelligent design or evolution? Birth Control and Abortion Stem Cell Research Cloning What types of changes and laws will Americans support? How will the government react?

Chapter 7, Section 4 Assessment page 239

The Harlem Renaissance Why It Matters: 1. Around WWI, African Americans began to migrate from the South to cities in the North. 2. This movement led to the rise of jazz and literary traditions that impacted all of American culture.

Reasons Blacks Migrated North 1915-1920s Pull Factors 1. Seeking manufacturing jobs in the North 2. Greater political rights 3. Social advancement Push Factors 1. Low paying jobs in the South 2. Jim Crow oppression and racism 3. Very few good schools

Blacks faced challenges in the North Wages were better in the North They still experienced racism and segregation in Northern cities Race riots occurred in cities across the nation in 1919 Over 200,000 African Americans settled in Harlem, a neighborhood in New York City.

The Jazz Age: 1920s JAZZ-a style of music where musicians creatively combine different forms of music often including blues and ragtime. Improvisation-create music as you play *Jazz-one of the only truly indigenous forms of American music (created in this nation) Jazz originated in New Orleans and moved North with the migration. JAZZ GREATS: 1. Louis Armstrong 2. Bessie Smith

Duke Ellington made his debut at the Cotton Club in 1927

Louis Armstrong From New Orleans Trumpet Player (soloist) “Satchmo”

Bessie Smith “Empress of the Blues” Singer (vocalist)

Jazz for Bears in the Park

The Harlem Renaissance: Harlem Renaissance-an explosion of African American culture during the 1920s in the New York neighborhood of Harlem of black writers, poets, artists and musicians. African American Writers: Claude McKay-writer who wrote about ordinary African Americans struggling for dignity and advancement in the face of discrimination. Langston Hughes-the most powerful literary voice of his time. He celebrated African culture and life. Zora Neale Hurston –in her book, Their Eyes Were Watching God, she talked about the independence women were seeking in society.

Langston Hughes

Zora Neal Hurston

http://www.history.com/videos/the-harlem-renaissance-an-artistic-explosion

Significance of the Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s 1. The movement gave a voice to African American culture 2. Promoted black creativity and pride in the African American community 3. Jazz spread to Europe and other nations around the world.

N.A.A.C.P.-National Association for the Advancement of Colored People founded in 1920

Women in the 1920s Young women were more independent Voted, some went to college Had more free time thanks to new technology-vacume cleaners, washing machines,… Many young women worked: secretaries, teachers, nurses Became major consumers Number of children declined, New Ideal: “Flappers” –loose dresses, shorter dresses, bobbed hair, smoking, consuming alcohol

Education in the 1920s ***The number of Americans attending high school grew rapidly (p447) Americans were more informed because of radio and newsmagazines (mass media) Many realized they needed more education for the jobs in society More people attended college Helped promote the rise of a YOUTH CULTURE: Sports, time with friends, dancing, fads, music

Important Americans of 1920s Charles Lindbergh—(1927) first nonstop flight from New York to Paris in the Spirit of St. Louis Babe Ruth—Baseball great F. Scott Fitzgerald –writer--coined the phrase “Jazz Age”, criticized the excesses of the 1920s in The Great Gatsby Earnest Hemingway—writer— A Farewell to Arms Marcus Garvey --Black activist who promoted black pride and a back to Africa movement Harlem Renaissance writers and artists: Langston Hughes, Claude McKay, Zora Neal Hurston Musicians of the 1920s: Bessie Smith, Duke Ellington, Louis Armstrong, Paul Robeson

Due on Wednesday, April 23rd. Worth 42 points. Take-Home Assessment Complete page 250 #’s 1 – 18 Complete page 251 #’s 1 – 3 Due on Wednesday, April 23rd. Worth 42 points.

http://www.history.com/shows/gangland/videos/playlists/historical-gangs#john-dillinger

Video: Fads of 1920s Fads of the 1920s: Pole Sitting

Snapshot of 1920s, 10 minutes