MONITORING OPERATIONS IN THE SKULL BASE CHAPTER VI
Monitoring of cranial nerves in skull base operations: what to monitor? 1. Extraocular muscles 2. Facial muscles 3. Masseter muscle 4. Tongue 5. CNIX pharynx 6. CNX larynx 7. ABR 8. CAP from CNVIII and cochlear nucleus
Monitoring other cranial motor nerves Extraocular muscles CN III CN IV CN VI Lower cranial nerves CN IX CN X CN XI CN XII
Monitoring other cranial motor nerves Monitoring the facial nerve is a model for monitoring other cranial motor nerves
How to activate the motor system? Electrical stimulation of motor nerves Magnetic stimulation of motor nerves Electrical stimulation of the motor cortex Magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex
How to record the response? Recording of electromyographic (EMG) potentials Mechanical recordings of muscle contractions Recording of motor nerve CAP
Recording of EMG potentials
Recording muscle responses Muscle relaxants cannot be used
MONITORING OTHER CRANIAL MOTOR NERVES EXTRAOCULAR MUSCLES CN III CNVI CNIV LOWER CRANIAL NERVES CNIX CNX CNXI CNXII
Monitoring nerves that innervate extraocular muscles CN III, CN IV, CN VI
Recording EMG potentials from extraocular muscles Using needle electrodes
Recording from extraocular muscles: Place needle electrodes percutaneously so they come close to respective muscles Medial rectus for CNIII Lateral rectus for CNVI Superior oblique for CNIV
EMG potentials recorded from extraocular muscles in response to electrical stimulation of respective cranial nerves intracranially
Recording EMG potentials from extraocular muscles Using non-invasive electrodes
Electrical stimulation of the oculomotor nerve (CN III) Middle rectus Lateral rectus Masseter
Monitoring multiple systems simultaneously Extraocular muscles Facial muscles Masseter muscle Tongue Neck muscles BAEP VEP
Typical placements of recording electrodes used in skull base operations Recording from extraocular muscles: Place needle electrodes percutaneously so they come close to respective muscles Medial rectus for CNIII Lateral rectus for CNVI Superior oblique for CNIV
Monitoring other cranial motor nerves Lower cranial motor nerves CN IX, CN X, CN XI, CN XII
FROM YINGLING
Monitoring CN X can be done by placing recording electrodes in the vocal folds
FROM YINGLING Monitoring CNX
FROM YINGLING
Auditory neuromonitoring Recording of auditory evoked potentials in operations in the posterior fossa
Monitoring of ABR can detect manipulations of the brainstem before cardiovascular signs change
Waveform analysis of the ABR provides information about the anatomical location of an injury
Different conventions for display of BAEP
NEURAL GENERATORS OF THE ABR: Peak I: distal auditory nerve Peak II: central auditory nerve Peak III: mainly cochlear nucleus Peak IV: unknown Peak V: termination of the lateral lemniscus in the contralateral inferior colliculus
Waveform analysis of the BAEP provides information about the anatomical location of an injury PEAK III PEAK V Ipsilateral stimulation
Contralateral stimulation Waveform analysis of the BAEP provides information about the anatomical location of an injury PEAK III PEAK V