Gregory J Pottie Professor, Electrical Engineering Department Associate Dean, Research and Physical Resources UCLA Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science Tagging the Physical World

Outline Relation of sensor networks and RFID RFID networks as trigger for higher bandwidth services Retail example RFID and other tags as lowest layer in sensor network Environmental applications

Embedded Networked Sensing Micro-sensors, on- board processing, wireless interfaces feasible at very small scale--can monitor phenomena “up close” Enables spatially and temporally dense environmental monitoring Embedded Networked Sensing will reveal previously unobservable phenomena Contaminant TransportEcosystems, Biocomplexity Marine Microorganisms Seismic Structure Response

Science Application System Development Biology/Biocomplexity Microclimate monitoring Triggered image capture Contaminant Transport County of Los Angeles Sanitation Districts (CLASD) wastewater recycling project, Palmdale, CA Seismic monitoring 50 node ad hoc, wireless, multi-hop seismic network Structure response in USGS- instrumented Factor Building Marine microorganisms Detection of a harmful alga Experimental testbed w/autonously adapting sensor location

Grade 7-12 Science Education: Sensor Networks as Experimental tool Area 1 Area 2 Area 3

New Directions Coral reef Global seismic Grids/facilities Precision Agriculture Macro-ProgrammingAdaptive Sampling High Integrity RFIDs Security NIMS Tropical biology Theatre, Film,TV Gaming Science Applications Bayesian Techniques

RFID and Sensor Networks Sensor network: Nodes include communication, signal processing, and sensing capability (e.g., for monitoring of physical phenomenon) Processing at source and multi-hop communications reduce bandwidth requirements Vast range of sizes, capabilities (linux boxes, motes, “dust”) Passive RFID tag network: Readers are the sensor nodes, tags are the objects to be detected RFID nodes with sensors and active communication: These are classic sensor networks

RFID and Retail Operations Scanning: optical scan of bar code for goods/frequent shopper number Store database for inventory and tracking of buying habits; cash register Credit/debit card: magnetic swipe Remote database for credit information, with connection to cash register Both can be replaced with RFID but neither has any substantial electronic records management implications In short run, maximal re-use of existing infrastructure and software

RFID and the Consumer Consumers equipped with readers (say extra PDA accessory) may be able to obtain lots of information: Price, Consumer report Manufacturing history (sweatshop labor?) Ingredients list (with automated check against allergies) Alternative products, possibly with targeted advertising Tag acts as trigger for services requiring web access with far higher data rates than store’s financial transactions Opportunity for e-shopping types of information in malls, including the pop-up ads (e.g. “Minority Report”) Could also less conveniently be done with bar codes

RFID and Pervasive Computing RFID example of technology that binds information to individual items (including people) Not the first and won’t be the last These technologies in general simplify collection of diverse information about the object Communications infrastructure needs dominated by the new services that are enabled, rather than merely reading the tags Who controls the data? Who will pay for the infrastructure follows

Tags and Sensors Ecology monitoring Visual tags on plants or animals Cameras for studying growth, sensors for environmental conditions Need to be sure that it is the same object so that can accumulate measurements over time and space The sensors represent vastly more information than the ID per se, but tags can significantly reduce required signal processing complexity Tags can play similar role in military operations (burrs and lures)

NIMS Architecture: Robotic, aerial access to full 3-D environment Enable sample acquisition Coordinated Mobility Enables self-awareness of Sensing Uncertainty Sensor Diversity Diversity in sensing resources, locations, perspectives, topologies Enable reconfiguration to reduce uncertainty and calibrate NIMS Infrastructure Enables speed, efficiency Provides energy transport for sustainable presence Use of tags Can draw attention of network Sensor-Coordinated Mobility Actuation: Networked Info-Mechanical Systems (NIMS)