ENGINE OILS

Engine Principles and Layout 7-11-02 APR1 52

Engine Principles and Layout Turbochargers Increases the Airflow into the Cylinder Turbos Can Often Spin around 100,000 rpm Extremely Severe Environment for Lubrication 7-11-02 APR1 54

Engine Principles and Layout Pistons and Rings Lightweight Materials for Improved Effn. Ring Location Directly Related to Exhaust Emissions

Cooled EGR Impact on Lubricant Increased Corrosion Cooled EGR leads to condensation and formation of higher acid levels Increased Soot Increased levels of soot due to EGR Increased Engine Temperatures Engine coolant also used for EGR cooler Corrosion of EGR Valve

CHALLENGES FOR ENGINE OIL DIESEL ENGINE : A CHEMICAL REACTOR ON PISTON RING - CYLINDER OIL TEMP 300-4000C HIGH PRESSURE HIGH SHEAR OXIDATION RATE FOR 100C RATE IS DOUBLED FOR 600C RATE IS 26 TIMES (64) FOR 1000C RATE IS 210 TIMES (1024)

CHALLENGES FOR ENGINE OIL OIL SUMP TEMPERATURE 150 - 2000C MIXES WITH REACTION PRODUCTS BLOW BY GASES FUEL DILUTION WATER DUST

CHALLENGES FOR ENGINE OIL ADVERSE ENGINE ENVIRONMENT RESULTS IN WEAR CORROSION DEPOSITS OXIDATION

FUNCTIONS OF ENGINE OILS PERMIT EASIER STARTING LUBRICATE AND PREVENT WEAR REDUCE FRICTION PROTECT AGAINST RUST AND CORROSION KEEP ENGINE INTERIORS CLEAN COOL ENGINE PARTS SEAL COMBUSTION PRODUCTS BE NON-FOAMING AID FUEL ECONOMY

EASY STARTING AND LUBRICATION AT HIGHER TEMP OIL PROPERTY REQUIRED LOW OIL VISCOSITY DURING STARTING RETAINTION OF VISCOSITY AT HIGH TEMP VISCOSITY MODEFIERS REDUCE THE RATE OF VISCOSITY CHANGE WITH TEMP POLYMERS EXPAND WITH TEMPERATURE TO COUNTERACT OIL THINNING

Temp-Viscosity

TYPICAL VISC VS TEMP RELATIONSHIP

Multigrade Engine Oils Summer Grades Are Defined by Viscosity at 100°C Only KV 100°C (cSt) SAE 20 5.6 - 9.3 SAE 30 9.3 - 12.5 SAE 40 12.5 - 16.3 SAE 50 16.3 - 21.9

Multigrade Engine Oils Winter Grades Are Defined by Viscosities at 100°C and Low Temperature Max CCS Viscosity (cP) 3250 at -30°C 3500 at -25°C 3500 at -20°C 3500 at -15°C 4500 at -10°C 6000 at -5°C Max. MRV TP-1 Viscosity (cP) 60,000 at -40 60,000 at -35 60,000 at -30 60,000 at -25 60,000 at -20 60,000 at -15 Min. KV 100°C (cSt) 3.8 4.1 5.6 9.3 Grade 0W 5W 10W 15W 20W 25W CCS = Cold Cranking Simulator MRV = Mini Rotary Viscometer

Viscosity / Temperature Relationship Too Thick when cold Thick SAE 40 SAE 10W40 SAE 10W Increasing Viscosity Too Thin when hot 0o Thin C 150o C Winter starting temperature Engine operating temperature

Multigrade Oil Properties Seasonal Oil Changes Eliminated Easier Starting Plus Good Wear Performance Pumpability Assurance in Cold Climates Reduced Oil Consumption Reduced Fuel Consumption Better Bearing Lubrication Equivalent Engine Cleanliness Advantages

Mechanism of Viscosity Modifier in Oil Effective Volume:Hydrodynamic Volume =Volume (Polymer Molecule) + Volume (Associated Oil) SOLUBILITY POOR GOOD TEMPERATURE POOR GOOD

Metals to Protect Protection Against Rust & Corrosion Iron - Main Metal Used to Forge Engine and Auxiliary Equipment Copper - Present in Bearings and Seals Lead - Present in Bearings Aluminum - Used in Newer Cars and Trucks to Make Them Lighter for Better Fuel Economy 7-3-97 CHEM7 48

TO KEEP ENGINE CLEAN DETERGENTS ARE USED IN THE FORMULATION TO KEEP ENGINE CLEAN AND FREE OF DEPOSITS TYPICALLY METLLO ORGANIC COMPOUND ARE USED METAL PART IS NORMALLY Ca, Mg, Na ORGANIC PARTS ARE PHENATES, SULPHONATES HOB TYPES ARE MORE COMMON FUNCTIONS ON CHEMICAL REACTION WITH SLUDGE, VARNISH ETC TO NEUTRALISE THEM

TO PREVENT OIL THICKENING CONSIDERABLE AMOUNT OF SLUDGE, SOOT, CARBON, PRODUCTS OF OXIDATION ETC ARE GENERATED IN THE ENGINE. ENGINE OIL CLEANS THESE FROM DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE ENGINE ALL THESE INCREASES SOOT AND SLUDGE LOADING IN THE OIL CONSIDERABLY THESE HAVE A NATURAL TENDENCY TO AGGLOMERATE AND FORM BIGGER LUMPS WHICH ULTIMATELY CLOGS FILTERS AND ALSO DROPS OUT OF THE OIL AT DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE ENGINE

TO PREVENT OIL THICKENING PURPOSE OF DISPERSANTS IS TO KEEP INSOLUBLE CONTAMINANTS IN DISPERSED STATE IN THE OIL MAINLY SUCCINIMIDES, SUCCINATE ESTERS, PHENOLIC AMINES ARE USED TO ACHIEVE THIS. FUNCTIONS BY BONDING WITH CONTAMINANTS BY POLAR ATTRACTION THEREBY PREVENTING AGGLOMERATION. LONG CHAIN IS THE SOLUBLE PART WHICH KEEPS THEM IN SOLUTION

Mechanism of Dispersant Function Soot Agglomeration and Wear Good Dispersant Coverage, Particles Do Not Agglomerate “Patchy” Dispersant Coverage, Particles Agglomerate - “Bare Spots” Touch Soot Soot Soot Soot 11-14-96 CHEM3 77

TO REDUCE FRICTION PURPOSE IS TO ALTER COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION TYPICALLY ORGANIC FATTY ACIDS, AMIDES, HIGH MOL WT ORGANIC ACID ESTERS ARE USED. WORKS ON PREFERENTIAL ADSORPTION OF SURFACE ACTIVE MATERIALS

TO DEPRESS POUR POINT Purpose : Enable lubricant to flow at low temperature Typical compounds : Alkylated naphthalene and phenolic polymers, polymethacrylates. Functions : Modify wax crystal formation to reduce interlocking.

TO REDUCE FOAM Purpose : Prevent lubricant from forming a persistent foam Typical compounds : Silicone polymers, organic copolymers Functions : Reduces surface tension to speed collapse of foam

TO RATARD OXIDATION Purpose : Retard oxidative decomposition Typical compounds : Zinc dithiophosphates, hindered phenols, aromatic amines, sulfurized phenols Functions : Decompose peroxides and terminate free radical reactions

DIESEL ENGINE OILS

DIESEL ENGINE OILS PERFORMANCE LEVELS API U.S. MILITARY B.I.S/OTHERS CA MIL-L-2104A - CB MIL-L-2104A(suppl 1) - CC MIL-L-2104B E-DL 1 CD MIL-L-45199B E-DL 2 CD+ MIL-L-2104C E-DL 3 CD II MIL-L-2104D/E - CE - - CF - - CF-4 MIL-L-2104E E-DL4 CF-2 MIL-L-2104F - CF-4 + - E-DL5 CG-4/CH-4 MIL-PRF-2104G E-DL6 CI-4 - E-DL7

PERFORMANCE ATTRIBUTES API CF-4 1990 DIESEL ENGINE SERVICE TYPICAL OF HIGH SPEED 4 STROKE ENGINES. PARTICULARLY SUITABLE FOR ON HIGHWAY HEAVY DUTY TRUCKS ENGINE TESTS REQUIRED CRC L-38 : CORROSIVE WEAR PARTICULARLY IN BEARINGS NTC 400 : DEPOSITS, OIL CONSUMPTION CATERPILLAR 1K : PISTON CLEANLINESS MACK T-6 : PISTON CLEANLINESS, OIL CONSUMPTION MACK T-7 : OIL THICKENING DUE TO SOOT

PERFORMANCE ATTRIBUTES API CG-4 1994 DIESEL ENGINE SERVICE TYPICAL OF HIGH SPEED 4 STROKE ENGINES. APPLICABLE FOR BOTH ON HIGHWAY AND OFF HIGHWAY HEAVY DUTY TRUCKS (BOTH FOR 0.5 % AND 0.05 % S FUEL) PARTICULARLY SUITABLE FOR ENGINES MEETING 1994 EMISSION NORMS ENGINE TESTS REQUIRED CRC L-38 : CORROSIVE WEAR PARTICULARLY IN BEARINGS SEQUENCE IIIE : OIL OXIDATION, WEAR CATERPILLAR 1N : PISTON CLEANLINESS GM 6.2 l : ROLLER FOLLOWER WEAR MACK T-8 : OIL THICKENING DUE TO SOOT

OTHER BENCH TESTS REQUIREMENTS FOR CG-4 CORROSION BENCH TEST : EFFECT ON COPPER, LEAD, TIN FOAM TEST : FAMING TENDENCY / STABILITY AERATION : AERATION PROPERTY NOAK : VOLATILITY TEST EXTENDED VOLATILITY SHEAR TEST : ABILITY TO WITHSTAND SHEAR THINNING REQUIREMENTS FOR CF-4

MAJOR DRIVING FORCES LOW OIL CONSUMPTION LONG DRAIN PERIOD LONGER API CD -MILCY 30, 40, 50, HYL EXTRA -HYLUBE X-3 10W, 30, 40 API CF+ HP CHAMPION API CF-4 MILCY TOOFAN, HYL LL 15W 40 MB 228.1 -MILCY POWER, MILCY TURBO API CG-4 MB 228.3 --HP MILCY EUROL API CH-4 HP DIESELINO API CI-4 HP No1 LOW OIL CONSUMPTION LONG DRAIN PERIOD LONGER ENGINE DURABILITY

HYLUBE HDX MULTIGRADE 20W-40 PERFORMANCE BENEFITS : Excellent engine protection under high temperature operation Good engine start up under cold conditions Better all-round performance APPLICATION AREAS All four stroke diesel engines for round the year operation SPECIFICATION API CC/SC, MIL-L-2104B & E-DL1/E-PL1 of IS: 13656-1993 PACKAGES 1 It, 3 It & 5 It , 20 It & 210 ltr

HP LAAL GHODA 20W-40 PERFORMANCE BENEFITS : ALL ROUND PERFORMANCE AT LOW COST ENGINE CLEANLINESS EFFICIENT LUBRICATION APPLICATION AREAS Diesel engines of buses, trucks, taxis, tractors, pumpsets, DGs SPECIFICATION API CC/SC, MIL-L-2104B & E-DL1/E-PL1 of IS: 13656-1993 PACKAGES 1 It, 3 It & 5 It , 20 It & 210 ltr

HYLUBE X-3 10W, 30, 40 PERFORMANCE BENEFITS: Maintain excellent engine cleanliness Provides sufficient control on sludge & corrosive wear Possess excellent oxidation stability APPLICATION AREAS Super charged diesel engines service typical in earthmoving and construction equipment, X-3 10W can be used as an hydraulic fluid in Caterpillar transmissions SPECIFICATION API CD & MIL-L-45199B & E-DL2 of IS: 13656-1993 PACKAGES 5 It ,20 It & 210 ltr

MILCY 30, 40 APPLICATION AREAS PERFORMANCE BENEFITS : Extended TBN Quality reserves Prevents oil thickening and enhances oil life Posses absolute control of corrosive wear. Excellent thermal & oxidation stability Superior diesel engine Protection for prolonged engine life Enhanced drain period Outstanding engine cleanliness APPLICATION AREAS Diesel engine oil for both naturally aspirated & supercharged engines. SPECIFICATION API CD & MIL-L-2104C+Mack T-7, & EDL-3 of IS: 13656-1993

HP MILCY POWER PERFORMANCE BENEFITS: Superior engine deposit control Minimises ring sticking & liner wear. Extended TBN quality reserves. Reduce oil consumption & better fuel economy Prolonged engine life. Suitable for wide temperatures range. Minimum insoluble build up Excellent soot & sludge control APPLICATION AREAS For turbo-charged and super-charged heavy duty diesel engines fitted in both on and off highway services. Recommended for DG sets and Earthmoving equipment's as well. SPECIFICATION CARRIES API CF-4 DONUT. ALSO MEETS MIL-L 2104E, MB 228.1, CCMC D-4/G-4/PD-2 & E-DL3 of IS: 13656-1993

HP MILCY EUROL 15W 40 SPECIAL FEATURES Premium quality diesel engine oil. Especially suitable for latest engines meeting BS II (Euro II) emission norms. SPECIFICATIONS API CG-4/SJ, ACEA A3-98,B3-98,E3-96, MB 228.3, 229.1, Volvo VDS-2 MAN 271, Mack EO-L APPLICATION AREAS New generation diesel engines of both heavy commercial and light duty applications particularly those meeting BS II emission norms. PERFORMANCE BENEFITS Excellent Control on high temperature deposits. Exceptional thermal and oxidative stability. Ensures compliance of emission standards

Improvement : New Category Mack T-8/T-8E Soot Thickening Mack T-9/T-10EGR Ring & Liner Wear Cummins M11/M11EGR Valve Train Wear Caterpillar 1P/1R Piston Deposit, Sludge Sequence IIIE/IIIF Oil Oxidation

HP DIESELINO 15W 40 SPECIAL FEATURES Premium Quality Diesel Engine Oil meeting highest level of performance and carrying API CH-4 accredition.This oil promises Engine Durability even under adverse applications. SPECIFICATIONS Meets API CH-4/CG-4, VOLVO VDS 2, MB 228.3 requirements APPLICATION AREAS New Generation Diesel Engines of Trucks ,Buses, Cars Construction Equipment & DG sets requiring API CH-4/CG-4/Volvo VDS -2 oils PERFORMANCE BENEFITS Excellent Soot handling properties. Good control over soot induced Wear Higher Levels of Piston Cleanliness High Temperature Stability Protection against oxidative & insoluble thickening

PETROL ENGINE OILS

PERFORMANCE ATTRIBUTES API SF 1980 THRU 1989 GASOLINE ENGINE SERVICE TYPICAL OF PASSENGER CARS. IMPROVED OXIDATION STABILITY, ANTI WEAR ENGINE TESTS REQUIRED CRC L-38 : CORROSIVE WEAR PARTICULARLY IN BEARINGS SEQUENCE IID : RUST SEQUENCE IIID : OIL OXIDATION / WEAR SEQUENCE VD : DISPERANCY / WEAR

PERFORMANCE ATTRIBUTES API SG 1989 GASOLINE ENGINE SERVICE TYPICAL OF PASSENGER CARS, VANS & LIGHT TRUCKS IMPROVED DEPOSIT CONTROL, RUST PROTECTION, OIL OXIDATION CONTROL ENGINE TESTS REQUIRED CRC L-38 : CORROSIVE WEAR PARTICULARLY IN BEARINGS SEQUENCE IID : RUST SEQUENCE IIIE : OIL OXIDATION / WEAR SEQUENCE VE : DISPERANCY / WEAR CAT 1H2 : PISTON DEPOSIT

OEMs REQUIREMENTS 20W-40 API SF,API SG MARUTI UDYOG API SF HM PAL API SH MARUTI UDYOG HM PAL DCM DAEWOO FORD ESCORT OPEL ASTRA FIAT-UNO PAL-PEUGEOT

HP EXTRA SUPER MOTOR OIL 20W-40 PERFORMANCE BENEFITS: Outstanding engine cleanliness Excellent oxidation stability Improved wear protection Extended engine life Improved fuel economy All the year round protection Compatible with catalytic converter APPLICATION AREAS Engine oil for all passenger cars SPECIFICATION API SF/CC, MIL-L-46152B & E-PL2/E-DL1 of IS: 13656-1993 PACKAGES 500 ml, 3 It & 5 It

HP CRUISE 15W-40 SPECIAL FEATURES A premium quality multigrade engine oil which provides outstanding performance in all petrol engine passenger cars SPECIFICATIONS API SG/CD, MIL-L-46152D & E-PL3/E-DL2 of 13656-1993 APPLICATION AREAS Engine oil for all passenger cars PERFORMANCE BENEFITS Outstanding engine cleanliness & enhanced engine life Excellent lubrication over a wide temperature range Improved fuel economy Compatible with catalytic converter Noise Free Operation

New Tests Sequence IIIF Oil Oxidation, In block Cam & Lifter Wear 80 hr test against 64 hr in earlier category Used Oil Visc MRV TP Sequence IVA Over Head Cam, Slider Follower Wear New test Sequence VG Sludge & Filter Chocking, Piston Skirt Varnish 216 hr test 4.6 lt engine replacing earlier 2.2 lt Sequence VIII Cu, Pb Bearing Corrosion Replaces old L-38 test

New Tests Noack Volatility with Stricter limits Filterability / Water Tolerance EOFT EOWTT Foam Stricter High temp Foam limits Gelation Index

HP ACE API SL ACEA A3/B3 SAE 10W-40 Long Drain, 15 000 km Reduced Emission, BS III Fuel Efficient Tried & Approved HP ACE

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