1. Chapter 13
Lubrication

2. Objectives Analyze wear and damage to lubrication system parts
Explain lubrication system theory
Select and perform most appropriate repairs to lubrication system

3. Oil Used to reduce friction
Prevents internal engine components from rubbing against each other
Partial breakdown of lubricating film is known as boundary lubrication

4. Viscosity Resistance of an oil to roll and flow
Measurement of an oil’s thickness is also called weight
When a “W” accompanies the rating
Oil’s viscosity has been tested at 0 degrees
Means that it is a winter blend

5. Oil Service Ratings API Ratings progress SA through SM
SM is the latest rating
“S” means the oil is for engine with spark ignition
Diesel engine oil is rated from CA through CI
“C” stands for compression ignition

6. Oil Service Ratings Diesel engine oil is rated from CA through CI
“C” stands for compression ignition

7. Deterioration of Oil Oil never wears out
Becomes diluted with unburned fuel and water

8. Deterioration of Oil 100 gallons of burned gasoline produce
90 to 120 gallons of water
3 to 10 gallons of unburned fuel
2 pounds of soot
1 pound of resins and varnishes
1 to 4 pounds of nitrogen and sulfur acids
1 to 2 ounces of hydrochloric acid

9. Oil Additives Detergents Antioxidants Antiwear additives
Pour point depressants
Corrosion inhibitors
Antifoam additives
Friction modifiers

10. Oil Additives

11. Synthetic Oils 1930s Compared to conventional oils Higher priced
Outstanding low temperature characteristics
Better viscosity index
Increased fuel economy and power
Higher priced
Oil change frequency is less

12. Oil Pumps Driven by camshaft or crankshaft Three types of pumps
External gear
Rotor
Internal and external gear
Cast iron pumps are better than aluminum because they wear less

13. Oil Pumps

14. Oil Pressure Normal oil pressure at idle Low oil pressure
About 25 psi
Low oil pressure
Indicates excessive bearing clearance or a worn pump
High oil pressure
Pressure relief valve stuck in closed position

15. Oil Pump Failure Wear or seize
Improper engine maintenance
Debris from broken or failed engine parts
Hex drive shaft twists off because foreign material enters pump
Seals and o-rings wear and deteriorate

16. Oil Pump Failure

17. Installing Oil Pump Check relief valve operation
Retorque pump cover to specifications
Ensure pump is properly aligned before bolting on
Damage can occur

18. Installing Oil Pump

19. Priming the System Use priming tool hooked to an electric drill
Insert priming tool into oil pump
Drive tool slowly in direction of distributor rotation
After pressure builds
Rotate crankshaft one complete rotation
Prime system once more

20. Pressure Priming Uses air pressure to push oil through system
Used to locate excessive leakage from bearings
Also to flush oil galleries during an in car engine repair

21. Pressure Priming

22. Filter Bypass Valve Bypass valve opens: Under heavy flow
When the oil is cold and thick
When the filter becomes plugged due to poor maintenance

23. Changing the Filter Use a filter wrench only to remove the filter
Never to tighten it
Oil rubber sealing ring on the base of the filter before installing it
Ensure o-ring is in place on filter
Tighten filter by hand only

24. Testing PCV System Pull valve from its mounting With engine running
Cover end of valve with thumb

25. Testing PCV System Engine RPM should drop 50 to 80 rpm
With engine running and pcv installed
Should have vacuum at rocker cover oil filler opening
With engine stopped
PCV should rattle when shaken