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به نام پروردگار

زیست شناسی سلولی و مولکولی هسته سلول

اطلاعات ژنومی پروکاریوت: فاقد هسته حقیقی یوکاریوت: واجد هسته حقیقی ویروسها،ویروئیدها:؟

Chromosomes in eukaryotes and prokaryotes are different single chromosome plus plasmids many chromosomes circular chromosome linear chromosomes made only of DNA made of chromatin, a nucleoprotein (DNA coiled around histone proteins) found in cytoplasm found in a nucleus copies its chromosome and divides immediately afterwards copies chromosomes, then the cell grows, then goes through mitosis to organise chromosomes in two equal groups © 2007 Paul Billiet ODWS

Chromosomes in eukaryotes Found in the nucleus Condensed and visible during cell division At the beginning of mitosis they can be seen to consist of two threads (sister chromatids) joined by a centromere The sister chromatids are identical copies During mitosis the sister chromatids separate and are placed into two nuclei Image believed to be in the Public Domain © 2007 Paul Billiet ODWS

ساختمان دو غشا: پوشش هسته فضای بین دو غشا: فضای پیش هسته پروتئینهای غشا فضای درون هسته: نوکلئوپلاسم هستک کروموزومها

Nucleus: structure and function Heterochromatin = too compacted, transcriptionally inactive nuclear envelope Nucleolus Nucleoplasm Euchromatin = can be transcriptionally active

Nuclear envelope and lamina cytoplasm N. lamina Nuclear pore heterochromatin

Nuclear lamina

Lamins are filamentous proteins in the intermediate filament family Lamin phosphorylation in prophase disassembles the nuclear lamina & allows for nuc. envel. Breakdown

Nuclear pore nuclear localization signals (nuclear import signals) nuclear export signals highly regulated

کروموزوم ها کروموزوم: جسم رنگی که ازکروماتین تشکیل شده کروموزوم: جسم رنگی که ازکروماتین تشکیل شده کروماتین: متشکل از DNA و پروتئین و RNA

تعداد به اندازه ارگانیسم ارتباطی ندارد نوعی آسکاریس 2 عدد کروموزوم دارد انسان 46 عدد برخی پروتوزوآ 300 عدد ممکن است موجودات مختلف تعداد یکسانی داشته باشند سیب زمینی-نخل-شامپانزه 48 عدد

اندازه و شکل اندازه و شکل در خلال تقسیم متفاوت است اکثرا دوبازو سانترومر(کینتوزوم): محل اتصال دوک میتوزی در متافاز دوسری بازو دارند

A pair of homologous chromosomes (number 1) as seen at metaphase Locus (position of a gene or DNA marker) Allele (alternative form of a gene/marker)

Identifying chromosomes Chromosomes can be identified by: Their size Their shape (the position of the centromere) Banding patterns produced by specific stains (Giemsa) Chromosomes are analysed by organising them into a KARYOTYPE © Biologyreference.com © 2007 Paul Billiet ODWS

نوکلئوزوم هیستون ها H1,H2A,H2B,H3,H4 اسیدآمینه بازی لیزین

هسته هیستونی H2A,H2B,H3,H4

سولنوئید

Multiple coiling model

کروماتین هتروکروماتین یوکروماتین هتروکروماتین تشکیلاتی constitutive هتروکروماتین اختیاری facultative

9.3.1 Chromosome structure NOR

A 1-3 Large metacentric 1,2 or submetacentric B 4,5 Large submetacentric, all similar C 6-12, X Medium sized, submetacentric - difficult D 13-15 medium-sized acrocentric plus satellites E 16-18 short metacentric 16 or submetacentric 17,18 F 19-20 Short metacentrics G 21,22,Y Short acrocentrics with satellites. Y no satellites.

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