MITOSIS REVIEW Chapter 10 Test

ESSAY #1 How is cancer related to the cell cycle? Do not have a normally functioning cell cycle

How are cancer cells different from most cells? Divide excessively and can invade other tissue

ESSAY #2 STEM CELLS Cells that can turn into almost any kind of cell (not yet differentiated). Formed a few days after an egg and sperm join.

Stem Cell Animations "How Embryonic Stem Cell Lines are Made" Biology Animation Library :: Dolan DNA Learning Center Stem Cell Animation

Essay #2 (cont.) SOURCES Umbilical cord blood Fetal tissue Adult bone marrow Embryonic stem cells

Essay #2 (cont.) PROS treat disorders like spinal damage, Parkinson’s disease, leukemia Make heart and nerve tissue in the lab

Essay #2 CONS Use embryos (kill them) Don’t have a lot of success yet Who funds it (private v. government)

1. Sexual and Asexual ASEXUAL One parent Two Identical offspring Two parents 4 different offspring

2. Chromatin, chromosomes, chromatids (all DNA + protein) Interphase – loose chromatin Prophase –tightly coiled sister chromatids form through metaphase Anaphase + Telophase –sister chromatids separate to single chromosomes

3. Nucleosomes and Histones 8 histone proteins are wrapped with chromosomes to tightly coil into chromatids Histones + chromosomes = nucleosome

4. Asexual Reproduction Prokaryotes (no nucleus) Binary fission Eukaryotes (nucleus) mitosis

5. Phases of Mitosis PMAT Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase

6. Nuclear Envelope Changes Prophase = nuclear envelope dissolves Telophase = nuclear envelope reforms

7. Diff Cytokinesis = Division of the cytoplasm Mitosis = Division of nucleus

8. Cytokinesis Animal Cells Cleavage furrow Plant Cells Cell Plate

9. G1, S, G2 Interphase includes G1, S, and G2 G1 = organelle growth, and growth of cell S = DNA synthesis (replication) G2 = centriole and spindle growth, and growth of cell

10. Locate on a dividing cell: Chromatids Centrioles Centromeres Spindle fibers Asters

10. Locate on a dividing cell: Chromatids Centromeres Centrioles Spindle fibers Asters

centrioles chromatids Asters Spindle fibers centromeres

11. What makes chromatids move to poles? Contraction of spindle fibers

12. What are cyclins (and Cdk’s)? Protein regulators of the cell cycle

13. Cells Dividing A lot Not after formed Blood Skin Nerve Digestive tract Not after formed Nerve muscle

13. B Cancer Cells Cancer cells due to an abnormal cell cycle Cells grow abnormally and do not stop, even if there are too many Breast cancer cells

What phase? Chromatin thickens? Prophase Nuclear envelope disappears Nuclear envelope reappears telophase

What phase? Centrioles move to opposite poles Prophase Spindle fibers form Cell plate forms Cytokinesis

Which phase? Chromosomes line up at the equator metaphase Cytoplasm divides Cytokinesis Nucleoli break down Prophase Nucleoli reform Telophase

15. As the cell increases in size The surface area to volume ratio decreases

16. Why do cells divide? cell membrane could not keep up with bringing in enough oxygen/nutrients DNA can’t keep up

17. How many chromosomes Are in each human body cell? 46

18. How many times is the reduction In length of the chromatid than it is in the chromosome form? 10,000 times

19. A cell spends what % of time in interphase? 90%

What is the purpose of p53? It is the tumor suppressor gene. It checks that the DNA is OK. If not, it repairs it or kills the cell. IF it is faulty, it leads to a lot of cancer.

How does a cell respond to growth When it comes in contact with other cells? Stops growing