Wireless monitoring & control in Agriculture 方煒 台大生機系教授

Why Wireless ? Boston central telephone station at 40 Pearl Street after the blizzard of 1881

TI REGENCY TR-1, 1955, $450 (today) Wireless Revolution 1st Transistor, 1947 TI REGENCY TR-1, 1955, $450 (today) Sony TR-610, 1958 1st Integrated Circuit, ~1958 Integrated Circuit, 1963 Today ~$5

Outlines RF WPAN GSM/GPRS WLAN Bluetooth WMAN ZigBee WWAN WiFi WSN Sensors WPAN WLAN WMAN WWAN WSN WC

無線個域網路：WPAN 目前IEEE所制訂的WPAN大致有四： IEEE 802.15.1 Bluetooth，藍芽v1.1 IEEE 802.15.2 Bluetooth，藍芽補充規範，降低與WiFi同範疇內運用時的相互干擾問題 IEEE 802.15.3 WiMEDIA，標準速、高速WPAN IEEE 802.15.3a UWB，高速WPAN IEEE 802.15.4 ZigBee，低速WPAN (又稱WSAN, S代表Sensor)

無線區域網路：WLAN IEEE於1999年提出IEEE 802.11的WLAN標準，以此標準為基礎的WiFi成為今日最廣大普及的無線應用，而這樣的發展合作依然在持續中。 IEEE最早提出的三種WLAN實現方式，包括紅外線（IR，Infrared）、5GHz頻段的11a、2.4GHz頻段的11b等，IR版沒有獲得業者支持，畢竟與過往的IrDA無太大差別（都有角度方位限制、都無法穿牆通訊），而11a的流行不如11b，且2003年11g新規出現後幾乎取代多數的11a運用，今日是以11b、11g為主流。 IEEE在制訂11g（也稱為EDR，Extended Data Rate）時，最初是設定能突破20Mbps，但最終確立為54Mbps，同樣的目前尚在制訂中的更新版：IEEE 802.11n，將設定突破100Mbps，但許多消息都指出，11n將會有540Mbps～640Mbps的速率。

無線都域網路：WMAN IEEE對於WMAN的規範主要在IEEE 802.16，也是Intel所力倡的WiMAX WiMAX主要訴求在5～8英哩內的無線寬頻通訊，必要時也可擴展至50km，但那已與WWAN更為混淆、重疊。

無線廣域網路：WWAN 一般的手機，如GSM、PHS（比較像WMAM，因為其基地台覆蓋範圍較小，僅一般GSM基地台的1/5～1/6）、CDMA等就已是WWAN，但是IEEE還是提出其WWAN想法，並編列為IEEE 802.20以進行後續研擬發展。 GSM畢竟是以交換、切換（Switch）為主的通訊網路，而一般資訊用的網路是以封包（Packet）為主，兩者從根基點上就有所不同，雖然GSM基地台也能提供資料傳輸，如GPRS、EDGE等，但傳速依然有限，即便換成3G的CDMA也依然是以語音通話為主的設計，資料傳遞一直被看待成延伸、輔助之用，相信這是IEEE要另訂WWAN的動機之一，此點可從IEEE將802.20的制訂目標命為「MBWA，Mobile Broadband Wireless Access」而得知。 目前IEEE 802.20的進展訊息仍相當有限，僅知將使用3.5GHz頻段，每個行動用戶端裝置至少能有超過1Mbps的存取速率，即便在都市、都會的多阻隔通信環境下，也能在250km/hr的高速移動下進行存取。

無線感測器網路:WSN 隨著IC與電子通訊技術的發展以及無線傳輸科技之普遍，量測系統趨向無線化、小型化、模組化、網路化及經濟與省電化發展。 分散式多頻道遠端監控與即時分析之資料擷取系統的架設已由有線發展至無線。

Sensor Network Mote Antenna Server Interface electronics, radio and microcontroller Soil moisture probe Mote Antenna Server Sensor field Communications barrier Gateway Internet

Sensor Network Server Watershed Sensor field Gateway Internet

無線傳輸 (Wireless Communication) RF （無線電波）：100~600 MHz, etc. GPRS是GSM通信升級至GPRS網路，傳輸率理論可達160 Kbps 802.11b/g：無線Internet佈建、筆記型電腦 支援TCP/IP、eathernet等，使用2.4GHz 802.11b/11Mbps、802.11g/54Mbps ，1Mbps傳輸距離可達570公尺 Router/Bridge IEEE802.15.4（ZigBee）：家電、電腦、感測器，遊戲和玩具 2.4GHz、868MHz（歐洲）以及915MHz（美國） 傳輸距離規格值75米/傳輸速率介於20kbps～250kbps之間 低耗電待機模式下使用2顆5號電池可驅動6個月 IEEE802.15.1（Bluetooth）：手機、印表機、汽車、醫療設備 技術誕生於10年前，解決數據短距離無線傳輸。2.4GHz 選用依據：頻寬、傳輸率、獲取容易、使用方便、長期使用經濟、技術經驗普及等因素

Collect & Display Data 網路 資料收集到DB DB資料顯示 via Wired LAN via Wireless LAN via Telephone line via Mobile communication GPRS/GSM 資料收集到DB PHP, Java, etc.  DBMS  Report VB, VC, BCB, etc.  Report & Control DB資料顯示 Table, Chart, Picture for current / max / min / avg, etc. Table, Chart, Picture for History data.

RF 150~600 MHz

Spectrum Technology, Inc.

Base Monitoring Unit Receives the transmitted data from the wireless remote sensing units, displays the current values, and alarm status. Pre-defined high or low temperature conditions trigger the red alarm indicators and the alarm sounds to notify you of the situation in real-time.

Wireless Remote Sensing Unit Measures the temperature and humidity value and transmits the data wirelessly to the local monitoring unit. It transmits the data over 400MHz radio frequency band and operates with 2Pcs AA batteries (included), which can be installed and replaced very easily by the end user. Battery life is 6 months. Remote units require a radiation shield.

426.075 MHz, Low power RF RS232 Serial port

Radiation Shield Protect your sensor from rain, solar radiation, or other sources of heat that can distort measurements.

Spec Log® Crop Monitor Software Log weather data on your PC and produce the reports you need to manage plant growth. Reports include: T/RH Hours, DIF Temperature, Degree-Days, Daily and Monthly Summaries.

2005 售價 34: 1 Ex. rate 15130 NT$ 13430 NT$ 6630 NT$ 4930 NT$ 2550 NT$

Netafim, Isreal

Weather station ET (Penman) Radiation Wind Rain T & H Soil temp Leaf wetness Enable use of the actual/historical data to plan irrigation strategy for future situations

Field station transmitter Reliable and simple Built-in battery for 5 year No external antenna Range – max :1-4 km Frequency: 150 – 600 MHz Built-in interface for: Three Tensiometers Three TDT Soil moisture Water meter / tipping bucket Weather station Other digital or analog inputs 150~600 MHz

Principles of Operation Data is sampled every 15 minutes and transmitted every 30 minutes to the base station. Wireless data transfer from the sensors to the collector or a PC Downloading the data from the collector or the PC via telephone line or cellular Data processing and presentation for decision-making in real time Data collecting for historical analyses and research

Wireless data transfer Field Station Sending range: Up to 1– 4 km Field Collector Telephone line Cellular

Extending the Transmitting Range via the Repeater range 1- 4 km Range: Up to 7– 10 km Repeater

Remote accesses to data Local PC Telephone line Cellular Field Collector

Decagon Device, Inc., USA

ECH2O Probe and Em5R

Em5, Em5R

Rm1

Rm1 902~928 MHz ISM

Spectrum Technology, Inc. Designed specifically for WatchDog stations, the low-power Spread Spectrum radio technology does not require an FCC license. You benefit by locating your station in an optimum microclimate to capture valuable weather data. System includes four AA rechargeable batteries (replaces the station's alkaline batteries), base station transceiver/antenna with power adapter, transceiver/antenna with solar power for the WatchDog station, and mounting hardware. 900 MHz

WatchDog Stations Model 900ET Evapotranspiration (ET), solar radiation, wind speed/direction, wind chill, dew point, temperature, RH and rainfall. Three (3) available external sensor channels for leaf wetness, soil moisture or other sensors. Model 800 Station This 8-channel data logging station is used for: Soil moisture measurement, Multiple sensor measurements, Microclimate and field research. Model 700 Weather Station Wind speed/direction, temperature, RH and rainfall. Has four (4) available external sensor channels for soil moisture, soil temperature or leaf wetness sensors Model 600 Weather Station Wind speed/direction, temperature, and rainfall. Has four (4) available external sensor channels for soil moisture, soil temperature or leaf wetness sensors Model 550 Weather Station Portable Station Lets You Document Real-Time Weather Conditions At Any Site. Includes wind speed/direction, temperature and RH. Model 525 Weather Station Portable Station Lets You Document Real-Time Weather Conditions At Any Site. Includes wind speed/direction and temperature.

Campbell Scientific, Inc. The CR205 Datalogger includes an on-board 915 MHz spread spectrum radio. The CR205's input channel configuration and small size is optimal for measuring one or two sensors. The CR215 Datalogger includes an on-board 2.4 GHz spread spectrum radio. The RF401 Spread Spectrum Radio has a 910 to 918 MHz operating frequency range, which is allocated to the US and Canada. The RF411 spread spectrum transceiver has an operating frequency range of 920 to 928 MHz, which is allocated to Australia/Israel.

GSM/GPRS 1900/850 MHz

GSM Introduction

Radio Interface

GPRS

Campbell Scientific, Inc.

Comparison between wireless LAN & PAN Feature WiFi (IEEE 802.11b) Bluetooth (IEEE 802.15.1) ZigBee (IEEE 802.15.4) Radio DSSS1 FHSS2 DSSS Data rate 11 Mbps 1 Mbps 250 kbps Nodes per master 32 7 64,000 Slave enumeration latency Up to 3 sec Up to 10 sec 30 ms Data type Video, audio, graphics, pictures, files Audio, graphics, pictures , files Small data packet Range 100 m 10 m 70 m Extendability Roaming possible No Yes Battery life Hours 1 week 1 year+ Bill of material $9 $6 $3 Complexity Complex Very complex Simple 1DSSS: Direct –sequence spread spectrum FHSS: Frequency-hopping spread spectrum

802.15.4/ZigBee vs Bluetooth 802.15.4/ZigBee more battery-effective at all beacon intervals greater than 0.246s At beacon interval ~1s, 15.4/ZigBee battery life 85 days Bluetooth 30 days (park mode @ 1.28s)

Wireless PAN 802.15.1 Bluetooth 2.4 GHz, 915 MHz, 868 MHz 1 Mbps

Bluetooth

Wireless PAN 802.15.4 ZigBee 433, 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz 250 kbps

Star / Mesh / Cluster-Tree IEEE 802.15.4 & ZigBee In Context Application Customer “the software” Network, Security & Application layers Brand management IEEE 802.15.4 “the hardware” Physical & Media Access Control layers API Security 32- / 64- / 128-bit encryption ZigBee Alliance Network Star / Mesh / Cluster-Tree MAC IEEE 802.15.4 PHY 868MHz / 915MHz / 2.4GHz Silicon Stack App

What is ZigBee? “Internet Everything” Your toaster gets an IP address Wireless standard formed by an alliance of industry leaders Motorola, Phillips, Samsung, Cisco… over 100 companies!!

LIGHT COMMERCIAL CONTROL Applications BUILDING AUTOMATION CONSUMER ELECTRONICS security HVAC AMR lighting control access control TV VCR DVD/CD remote PC & PERIPHERALS patient monitoring fitness monitoring PERSONAL HEALTH CARE ZigBee Wireless Control that Simply Works mouse keyboard joystick INDUSTRIAL CONTROL RESIDENTIAL/ LIGHT COMMERCIAL CONTROL asset mgt process control environmental energy mgt security HVAC lighting control access control lawn & garden irrigation

Revolution in Computer, Communication and MEMS Original IBM PC (1981) MICAZ Mote (2005) 4.77 MHz 4 MHz 16-256 KB RAM 128 KB RAM 160 KB Floppies 512 KB Flash ~ $6K (today) ~ $35 ~ 64 W ~14 mW 25 lb, 19.5 x 5.5 x 16 inch 0.5 oz, 2.25 x 1.25 x 0.25 inch

MoteIV Technology, Inc., US

MoteIV Technology, Inc., US

Crossbow Technology, Inc., USA MICA2DOT UC Berkley, Smart Dust http://robotics.eecs.berkeley.edu/~pister/SmartDust/ Crossbow http://www.xbow.com

Crossbow Technology, Inc., USA Available Sensor Boards Light and Temperature Acceleration/Vibration (2-Axis ADXL202 based) Acoustic Magnetometer Weather Monitoring GPS

Crossbow的Smart Dust MICAz模組，長寬各為5.8 X 3.2 cm（DOT模組直徑為2.5cm） 無線傳輸使用315、433、868、900、916 MHz等多段頻率 支援802.15.4和ZigBee通訊協定 採用UC-Berkely發展的公開程式碼TinyOS 最大無線傳輸距離約100m，傳輸率250 Kbps 具有8 通道10 bits A/D 3.3V電源驅動，2顆AA電池間歇方式可運作一年 可選配壓力、光照、溫濕度、加速計、GPS等感測器 $105 $125

Features of Intel’s Imote Multicolor status LED ARM* core SRAM FLASH BT radio 2.4 GHz antenna Stackable connectors (top and bottom) Optional voltage regulator (bottom) Optional external antenna connector

Imote2 --Top View 36 mm 48 mm LED Basic I/O connector Dialog PMIC PXA273 Crystals Basic I/O connector 48 mm

Imote2 -- Bottom View 36 mm 48 mm Advanced I/O connector Antenna CC2420 Crystal 36 mm Mini USB Connector Advanced I/O connector Optional SMA connector 48 mm

Bandwave Technology, Inc. Taiwan Import 802.15.4 4 Sensors on a chip T: Temperature (dry bulb) (-40~120 oC) RH: Relative Humidity (0~99%) TSR: Total Solar Radiation PAR: Photosynthetically Active Radiation

Bandwave Technology, Inc., Taiwan USB介面連接電腦 外接輸入介面 溫、濕度與光量(TSR & PAR) 感測頭 使用2顆3A電池

Mote feature comparison Imote Micaz Telos Mica2 Imote2 CPU type @[MHz] 32bit ARM @12 8bit Atmel @8 16bit TI @8 32b XS@13(104) SRAM [kB] 64 4 10 256/32,000 FLASH [kB] 512 128 + 512 48 KB / 1024 KB 32,000 Radio BT 802.15.4 300-900MHz 15.4 (BT/802.11) Bandwidth [kb/s] 720 250 15 250 (720/11,000) Power C/R/T [mA] 15 / 24 / 24 8 / 20 / 18 1 / 20 / 18 8 / 10 / 27 40/20/18 Power sleep [uA] 1-250 27 6 19 1-100 Security HW 4LFSR-128 AES-128 N Y OS support TinyOS

Sensor Web NASA　JPL，Sensor Web http://sensorwebs.jpl.nasa.gov/

NASA Jet Propulsion Lab, USA

Pods at the Huntington Garden, CA

Pod deployment in Antarctica Pod deployment in Space Center

Pod deployment in Greenhouse

Sensor Web Deployment at a Recharge Basin Facility

Wireless LAN 802.11b/g WiFi 2.4 GHz 11 Mbits

Field Server of Japan Light Sensor PICNIC / Wireless LAN device CCD LED/Fan Humidity & Temperature sensors

Field Server 架構 Accurate Measurement Sampling Cooling Air-temperature Humidity Sampling Gas (CO2, NOx, SOx) Insects Microbes Virus Dusts Cooling

Field Server of Japan PICNIC card DDA Type FPAA Type 有較開放式的組成架構，系統性能可隨著市場零組件功能進步而發展，FS製作可以相當經濟 容易結合IPv4 與web介面，架設與使用容易 改變了傳統量測儀器之架構，前端只提供感測器原始量測之數位訊號 開放式架構可彈性適用不同環境需求，在農業有很大的應用發展潛能 體積相對較大 功能之發揮依賴後端各類型應用軟體之開發

Field Server Engine DDS-type FPAA-type PICNIC 10 bit Ver.1.0 24 bit

Field Server Engine-PICNIC 10cm x 7cm 內含10bits 解析度A/D轉換的單晶片微電腦PIC16F877，4點0-5V之間類比訊號輸入，輸出電壓範圍符合的感測器模組可直接連結，如溫度、濕度、日照、導電度、葉面濕度等 4點的5V輸出、4點5V輸入 乙太網路控制晶片RTL8019AS RS-232及RJ-45接頭，支援TCP、UDP等網路傳輸協定，內可設定一組IP，並提供WEB網頁介面，因此接上網路即可使用 對於一般農業生產管理與環境量測大致足夠 PICNIC (Programmable Interface Controller with Network Interface Card)

Specification of DDS-Type DDS: Direct Digital Synthesizer Web server DDS (1 Hz – 70 MHz) 24bit-AD converter (8 ch) 10bit AD converter (8 ch) 10bit DA converter (1 ch) Power photo MOS relay(2 ch) Serial I/O (RS-232C) DC-DC converter (in: 4-34 V, out: 5 V)

Measurement by DDS Type Element Physical parameter Humidity Rainfall Leaf wetness Soil moisture EC Water level Water stress Capacitance Impedance DDＳ Material AD-Conv.

Field Server Engine – FPAA型 Multiplier FPAA Field Programmable Analog Array 20 OP-AMP Resistor Capacitor Cross-bar Switch Soil-moisture sensor EC sensor Plant moisture sensor Humidity sensor pH，Pressure，Acceleration Infrared-Visible LED/LD Photo sensor Microphone sensor Speaker emitter RF antenna

Inside of the Field Server

Monitoring results created by Agent System Real-time data Live Camera Database

Sample XML file and agent action get raw data exchange data Agent Program zoom & snapshot XML configuration file

Data Collecting Method Firewall Firewall Private network of FieldServers Global IP Data gathering agent （Web crawler） FSG ADSL Private IP FSG CATV Global IP VPN Mobile PC-Cluster Internet Provider FSG: Field Server Gateway

Field Server of Japan Main page http://model.job.affrc.go.jp/FieldServer/default.htm Monitoring page http://yummy.narc.affrc.go.jp/FieldServer/monitor/

Sensors

Sensors: T & RH from Sensirion AG The temperature sensor and the humidity sensor together form a single unit. This also enables an accurate and point-precise determination of the dew point, without incurring errors due to temperature gradients between the humidity and the temperature sensors. Through the unique linkage of these sensor elements with the signal amplifier unit, the analog-to-digital converter, the calibration data memory, as well as the digital, bus-ready interface, all on a surface area of a few square millimeters.

Sensors Temperature Sensor: (0 - 100 c 1c) LM35DZ Humidity: (0 – 100% RH 1%RH) HIH-3610 Pressure: (950 - 1050 KPa 1KPa) MPVX5010DP Water level: by pressure gauge ( 0 – 10 m  1 cm) Light: (0 – 10000 lux 10 lux) Photo Transistor Wind Direction: ( 0 – 360 1) Variable Resistor Wind Speed: (0 - 67 m/s 0.1m/s) Counter Rain Gauge: (0 - 9999 mm 0.1mm) Tapping

Sensors

Sensors: Rain Gauge/Drain Gauge

Sensors: soil related Air or Soil Temperature sensor

Sensors: Soil related Tensiometer 張力計 Easy to install Easy to understand (centibar) Measures small soil samples Requires continuous maintenance

Soil moisture sensor Volumetric water content Fast responds Robust & Reliable Maintenance free Measuring large soil volume Can be operated in all crops

Soil moisture sensor The Echo probe measures the dielectric constant of the soil in order to find its volumetric water content. Since the dielectric constant of water is much higher than that of air or soil minerals, the dielectric constant of the soil is a sensitive measure of water content. The ECHO probe has a very low power requirement and high resolution. This gives you the ability to make as many measurements as you want (even hourly) over a long period of time (like a growing season, for example), with minimal battery usage. http://www.decagon.com/echo/

ECHO probe model EC-20 (20cm length) ECHO Probes: Models and Specifications   ECHO probe model EC-20 (20cm length) ECHO probe model EC-10 (10cm length

ECH2O DataTrac (Graphing Software)

Dielectric Leaf wetness sensor The Dielectric Leaf Wetness Sensor, like its name implies, measures surface wetness by measuring changes in the dielectric on the sensor surface. Designed to mimic the thermodynamic properties of a leaf in shape and dimensions. Specifications are in development by Decagon Device, Inc.

CO2 Sensor