Honors Biology CHAPTER 8 REVIEW “Sex in the Cell City”

#1 Contrast asexual and sexual reproduction: 1 parent Forms identical cells Forms 2 daughter cells SEXUAL 2 parents Forms different cells Forms 4 daughter cells

#2 Compare: Chromatin, Chromosomes, Chromatids

ANSWER ALL ARE DNA + PROTEIN Chromatin – loose in interphase Chromosomes – dense and coiled in mitosis- connected by a centromere Chromatid – condensed - paired with identical sister chromatid

To determine the number of chromosomes, count the centromere regions There are 3 chromosomes here There are 6 chromosomes here

#3 What do you call… A fertilized egg Zygote Fertilization Joining of the egg and sperm

#4 What do you call asexual reproduction in prokaryotes? Binary fission What do you call asexual reproduction in eukaryotes? mitosis

Asexual and Sexual Repro How do the chromosome numbers compare before and after reproduction in each? EXAMPLE: If the original cell had 20 chromosomes, how many chromosomes would each cell have after each type of reproduction?

ANSWER Sexual Reproduction -resulting cells have half the number of chromosomes (start with 20 – end with 10 chromosomes) Diploid to haploid Asexual Reproduction -resulting cells have the identical number of chromosomes (start and end with 20 chromosomes) Diploid to diploid

#5Contrast DNA in prokaryotes and eukaryotes Shape Size complexity

ANSWER #5 Chromosomes differ in… PROKARYOTES One Circular chromosome Smaller (3,000 genes in bacterium) simpler EUKARYOTES Many Long strands of chromosomes Larger ( 100,000 genes in humans) More complex

#4 Compare the number of genes: Humans to bacteria ANSWER: 100,000 to 3,000

Telophase Anaphase Metaphase Prophase Prometaphase 6. Put in correct order Telophase Anaphase Metaphase Prophase Prometaphase

P PM M A T 6. ANSWER Prophase Prometaphase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase

7. How does nuclear membrane change? In prometaphase dissolves In telophase reforms

Division of the cytoplasm 8. What is…? Cytokinesis Division of the cytoplasm

8. How is cytokinesis different in… PLANT CELLS ANIMAL CELLS

8. ANSWER PLANT CELLS Form cell plate ANIMAL CELLS Form a cleavage furrow by pinching in the cytoplasm

8. (continued) Define: Cell plate Cleavage furrow

8. ANSWER Cleavage Furrow Pinching of the cytoplasm by actin pulling like a drawstring Cell plate In plant cells the cell wall will form

9. What goes on in each? G1 S G2

G1grows in size, increases organelles S DNA synthesis (replicates) ANSWER G1grows in size, increases organelles S DNA synthesis (replicates) G2 makes centrioles for cell division + growth

Mitosis? A. make bigger cells What is the purpose of… Mitosis? A. make bigger cells B. make exact copies of cells in two daughter cells C. make copies of cells with twice the number of chromosomes D. decrease the number of cells

B. make exact copies of cells in two daughter cells ANSWER B. make exact copies of cells in two daughter cells

10. Locate Chromatids Centromeres Asters Centrioles spindles

10. ANSWER Chromatids Centromeres asters Spindles centrioles

11. Spindles What is the difference between the kinetochore and the non-kinetochore spindles? Kinetochore spindles are attached to the chromatids and shorten Non-kinetochore spindles go pole-to-pole and lengthen the cell

Chromatids move to the poles (centrioles)? 11. What makes the… Chromatids move to the poles (centrioles)? Kinetochore spindles shorten and motor proteins power the movement

11. ANSWER kinesin motor protein Motor Proteins (dynein)-use ATP to grab and move the chromatid

12. Growth Factor Chemical produced outside of the cell to start the cells to begin the cell cycle EX: when you have a cut

12. What is the purpose of a growth factor? naturally occurring substance capable of stimulating cellular growth Remember the mice would healing article at the beginning of the year? What did VEGF do? (grape-seed article) Create blood vessels if at an injury site

13. MATCHING 1 Cells divide A. anchorage until reach a definite dependence limit (other cells, walls) 2 cells need contact B. cancer cells to grow 3 cells continue to grow C. density- Uncontrollably dependent inhibition

13. MATCHING ANSWERS 1-C Cells divide A. anchorage until reach a definite dependence limit (other cells, walls) 2-A cells need contact B. cancer cells to grow 3-B cells continue to grow C. density- Uncontrollably dependent inhibition

14. MATCH THE CANCERS A. carcinoma B. sarcoma C. lymphoma D. leukemia E. metastasis 1. spread of cancer cells beyond site 2. cancer from bone marrow 3. cancer from outer skin or linings 4. support tissue cancers (bone, muscle) 5. cancer of lymphatic system

14. MATCH THE CANCERS 3 A. carcinoma 4 B. sarcoma 5 C. lymphoma 2 D. leukemia 1 E. metastasis 1. spread of cancer cells beyond site 2. cancer from bone marrow (makes WBC) 3. cancer from outer skin or linings 4. support tissue cancers (bone, muscle) 5. cancer of lymphatic system

14. MATCH THE CANCERS Benign Malignant tumor 1. tumor growth spread to other tissue 2. abnormal growth but not beyond original site 3. abnormal growth of cells

14. MATCH THE CANCERS 2 Benign 1 Malignant 3 tumor 1. tumor growth spread to other tissue 2. abnormal growth but not beyond original site 3. abnormal growth of cells

15. What is the name of the gene that... Gene that causes breast cancer P27 (on chromosome 12 FYI) Spellchecks DNA for errors and repairs them? p53

17. What is the name of… The protein that signals each phase of the cell cycle to start? Cyclins (build up and break down)

How do cyclins and cdk’s work together? Cdk is an enzyme that attaches to cyclin to form MPF (maturation promotion factor) to begin that part of the cell Cycle Phosphate group activates with energy

Abnormal in the cell cycle? 18. How are cancer cells... Abnormal in the cell cycle?

ANSWER Do not have a properly functioning cell cycle control system-grow uncontrollably

18. What body cells... Divide a lot? Not at all after formed?

Don’t divide after formed Nerve (brain) muscle Divide a lot skin blood 18. What cells… Don’t divide after formed Nerve (brain) muscle Divide a lot skin blood digestive tract

18. What part of the cell cycle… Is when cells that do not divide leave the cell cycle or go to differentiate? G0

19. Name the Phase of Mitosis Chromatin thickens nuclear envelope disappears nuclear envelope reforms Prophase prometaphase telophase

19. Name the Phase of Mitosis Centrioles moving to the opposite poles spindle fibers form cell plate forms Prophase prophase Telophase/ cytokinesis

19. Name the Phase of Mitosis Chromosomes line up at the equator cytoplasm divides Metaphase cytokinesis

Identify the Phase of Mitosis anaphase

Identify the Phase of Mitosis prophase

Identify the Phase of Mitosis telophase

Identify the Phase of cell cycle Interphase

Identify the Phase of Mitosis prometaphase

Identify the Phase of Mitosis Metaphase

If given the diploid number, what is the haploid number? 40 24 16 Haploid 20 12 8

#29 What are gametes? A. autosomes B. female chromosomes C. sex cells D. daughter cells ANSWER: Gametes are sex cells. For Human they are sperm (male) and egg (female)

30. What phase of meiosis?

30. What phase of meiosis? P1 A1 A2 M1 M2 P2 4 daughter cells

30. What phase of meiosis?

30. What phase of meiosis? A-I B. P1 early C.P1 late D. M1 E. F. A1 G. T1 H. Interkinesis I. P2 J. M2 K. A2 L. T2 M.4 daughter cells

32. What 3 factors increase genetic variability after meiosis? 1. independent orientation of chromosomes at metaphase I (which chromosome lined up on each side) 2. random fertilization (which sperm joined which egg) 3. crossing over (ALSO MUTATION…coming in next unit)