Environmental Systems and Facilities Planning Doug Overhults University of Kentucky Biosystems & Agricultural Engineering University of Kentucky College of Agriculture

Topic Outline Psychrometrics Review Energy Balances/Loads Latent heat Sensible heat Solar loads Insulation Requirements

Topic Outline Ventilation Systems Moisture Control Standards Rate requirements System requirements Moisture Control Standards Air Quality Standards Humans Animals Plants and Produce

Psychrometrics Variables Using the Psychrometric Chart Psychrometric Processes

Psychrometric Chart “Humidity” Scale or axis State Point Dry Bulb Temperature Scale (axis)

Psychrometric Chart (temperatures + relative humidity) Example: 70 oF dry bulb 55 oF dew-point 61 oF wet-bulb 60 % rh relative humidity “Humidity” Scale dew-point wet bulb dry bulb Dry Bulb Temperature Scale

Psychrometric Processes Heating, cooling, humidifying, dehumidifying air-water vapor mixtures Five basic processes to know Heat or Cool (horizontal line) Humidify or De-humidify (vertical line) Evaporative cooling (constant wet-bulb line)

Heating: dry bulb increase “Humidity” Scale Horizontal line means no change in dew-point or humidity ratio ending state point starting state point Dry Bulb Temperature Scale

Humidification: dew-point increase “Humidity” Scale Vertical line means no change in dry bulb temperature RH goes up! end state start state Dry Bulb Temperature Scale

Evaporation: wet bulb increase “Humidity” Scale Increase in vertical scale: humidified Decrease in horizontal scale: cooled end state Constant wet bulb line start state Dry Bulb Temperature Scale Adiabatic process – no heat gained or lost (evaporative cooling)

Air Density “Humidity” Scale Dry Bulb Temperature Scale Wet bulb line Humid Volume, 1/ ft3/lb da Dry Bulb Temperature Scale

Review Name three temperature variables Name three measures of humidity Name the two main axes of the psychrometric chart Name the line between fog and moist air Heating or Cooling follow constant line of ? Humidify/Dehumidify follow constant line of ?

Energy and Mass Balances

Energy and Mass Balances Heat Gain and Loss Latent and Sensible Heat Production Mechanical Energy Loads Solar Load Moisture Balance

Heat Gain and Loss Occupants Lighting Equipment Ventilation Building Envelope Roof, walls, floor, windows Infiltration (consider under ventilation)

Heat Loads Occupant (animals, people) Lighting, W/m2 Appliance W/m2 Sensible load (e.g. Btuh/person) Latent load (“) Lighting, W/m2 Appliance W/m2 Ventilation air (cfm/person or animal) Equipment (e.g. Btuh for given items)

Ventilation Temperature control Moisture control Contaminants (CO2, dust, NH3) control Energy use

Latent and Sensible Heat Production Example from ASAE Standard EP270.5: Table 1. Moisture Production, Sensible Heat Loss, and Total Heat Loss Cattle Bldg. T MP SHL THL 500 kg 21C 1.3 gH2O/kg-h 1.1 W/kg 2.0 W/kg

Sensible Energy Balance Leads to Ventilation for Temperature Control: qs + qso + qm + qh = ΣUA(ti-to) + FP(ti-to) + cpρV (ti-to) Heat inputs = envelope + floor + ventilation U – building heat transfer coeff. P – floor perimeter F – perimeter heat loss factor cp – specific heat of air V – ventilation rate ρ – density of air qs – sensible heat qso – solar heat gain qm – mechanical heat sources qh – supplemental heat

Sensible Energy Balance Leads to Ventilation for Temperature Control. Rearranging: V = [ qs - ( Σ UA+ FP)(ti-to)] / 0.24 ρ (ti-to)60 V – cfm (equation for English units)

Mass Balance Moisture, CO2, and other materials use balance equations. mp Material produced mvi Material input rate mvo material output rate + =

Humidity ratio difference Moisture Balance Example balance for moisture control removal rate. / mair Ventilation rate Mwater Moisture to be removed (Wi-Wo) Humidity ratio difference = Q = (V / 60) x [ Wr / (Wi-Wo) ] Q - cfm V – ft3/lbda Wr – lbm / hr W – lbm / lbda

Moisture Balance Find the minimum winter ventilation rate to maintain 60% relative humidity inside a swine nursery that has a capacity of 800 pigs weighing 10 pounds. Inside temperature is 85 degrees. ASABE D270.5 Nursery Pigs Bldg. T MP SHL THL 4 - 6 kg 29C 1.7 gH2O/kg-h 2.2 W/kg 3.3 W/kg

Find the minimum winter ventilation rate to maintain 60% relative humidity inside a swine nursery that has a capacity of 800 pigs weighing 10 pounds. Inside temperature is 85 degrees. Find moisture production data ASABE Standards (EP270.5) Wr = 0.017 lb/hr/pig Get psychrometric data from chart W0 = 0.0005 Wi = 0.0154 V = 14.1 Plug into equation & solve Q = (14.1/60) x [(.017 x 800) / (.0154 - .0005)] Q = 214 cfm

NH3 Balance Find the ventilation rate required to prevent the ammonia concentration inside a poultry layer barn from rising above 20 ppm. Ammonia production in the barn is estimated to be 21.6 cubic feet per hour. Ammonia concentration in the ambient air is 2 ppm.

NH3 Solution Use volumetric form of mass balance equation Vp + Vi = Vo Vp + Qv[NH3]i = Qv[NH3]o Solve for Qv Qv = Vp / { [NH3]o - [NH3]i } Get quantities in consistent units Vp = (21.6 ft3/hr / 60 min/hr) = 0.36 ft3/min Plug into equation & solve Q = 0.36 / (.000020 - .000002)] Q = 0.36 / .000018 Q = 20,000 cfm

Energy Balance What is the ventilation rate for a swine finishing barn that will limit the design temperature rise inside the house to 4 degrees (F) above the ambient temperature? The barn capacity is 1000 pigs at 220 pounds and the inside temperature is approximately 85 F. The overall heat transfer coefficient for the barn is 1200 Btu/hr F.

Find heat production data ASABE Standards (EP270.5) What is the ventilation rate for a swine finishing barn that will limit the design temperature rise inside the house to 4 degrees (F) above the ambient temperature? The barn capacity is 1000 pigs at 220 pounds and the inside temperature is approximately 85 F. The overall heat transfer coefficient is 1200 Btu/hr F. Find heat production data ASABE Standards (EP270.5) q = 0.49 W/kg (sensible heat) Convert units & calculate total heat load q = 0.49 W/kg x 100 kg/pig x 1000 pigs = 49,000 W x 3.412 Btu/hr W = 167,188 Btu/hr Density of Air = 0.075 lb/ft3 Specific heat of air = 0.24 Btu/lb F ti – to = 4 F

Neglect floor heat loss or gain Plug into equation & solve Continuation . . . ventilation rate for a swine finishing barn that will limit the design temperature rise inside the house to 4 degrees (F) above the ambient temperature Basic equation Neglect floor heat loss or gain Plug into equation & solve V = [167,188 - (1200 x 4)] / [(0.24 x 0.075) x 4 x 60] V = 37,590 cfm V = [ qs - ( Σ UA+ FP)(ti-to)] / 0.24 ρ (ti-to)60

Ventilation volumetric flow rate Fan Operating Cost Electrical Power Cost V Ventilation volumetric flow rate W Power input, Watts cfm / Watt Fan Test Efficiency = ÷

Calculate Operating Costs Design Ventilation Rate – 169,700 cfm Fan Choices Brand A – 21,300 cfm @ 19.8 cfm/watt Brand B – 22, 100 cfm @ 16.2 cfm/watt Fans operate 4000 hours per year Electricity cost - $0.10 per kWh Calculate annual operating cost difference

Calculate Operating Costs 8 fans required for brand A or B Use EP 566, Section 6.2 Annual cost is for all 8 fans Watts * hrs * $/kWh * kWh/Wh = $

References – Env. Systems Albright, L.D. 1990. Environment Control for Animals and Plants. ASAE Hellickson, M.A. and J.N. Walker. 1983. Ventilation of Agricultural Structures. ASAE ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals. 2009.

Reference MWPS - 32 Midwest Plan Service Iowa State University Contains ASABE heat & moisture production data & example problems Midwest Plan Service Iowa State University Ames, IA

Reference STRUCTURES and ENVIRONMENT HANDBOOK MWPS - 1 Broad reference to cover agricultural facilities, structures, & environmental control Midwest Plan Service Iowa State University Ames, IA www.mwps.org

Useful References – Env Sys MidWest Plan Service. 1990. MWPS-32, Mechanical Ventilation Systems for Livestock Housing. Greenhouse Engineering (NRAES – 33) ISBN 0-935817-57-3http://palspublishing.cals.cornell.edu/nra_order.taf

References – ASAE Standards EP270.5 – Ventilation systems for poultry and livestock EP282.2 – Emergency ventilation and care of animals EP406.4 – Heating, ventilating cooling greenhouses EP460 – Commercial Greenhouse Design and Layout EP475.1 – Storages for bulk, fall-crop, irish potatoes EP566 – Selection of energy efficient ventilation fans

FACILITIES Manure Management Example

Manure Management Facilities Animal Manure Production Nutrient Production Design Storage Volumes Lagoon – Minimum Design Volume References ASAE – EP 384.2, 393.3, 403.3, 470 NRCS – Ag. Waste Field Handbook

Size a Manure Storage 1 year storage Above ground 90’ dia. tank – uncovered 2500 hd capacity – grow/finish pigs Building turns over 2.7 times/yr Manure production 20 ft3/finished animal Net annual rainfall = 14 inches 25 yr. – 24 hr storm = 5.8 inches

Size a Manure Storage Use EP 393, sections 5.1 & 5.3 Total volume has 5 components Manure, Net rainfall, 25 yr-24 hr storm Incomplete removal, Freeboard for agitation

Size a Manure Storage Manure Depth = 21.22 ft. Net rain = 1.17 ft 25 yr-24 hr storm = 0.48 ft Incomplete removal = 0.67 ft Freeboard = 1 ft Total Tank Depth = 24.54 ft.

References - Facilties Agricultural Wiring Handbook,  15th edition, Rural Electricity Resource Council Farm Buildings Wiring Handbook, MWPS-28 (now updated to 2005 code) Equipotential Plane in Livestock Containment Areas ASAE, EP473.2 Designing Facilities for Pesticide and Fertilizer Containment, MWPS-37 On-Farm Agrichemical Handling Facilities, NRAES-78 Farm and Home Concrete Handbook, MWPS-35 Farmstead Planning Handbook, MWPS-2 (download only)

References – ASAE Standards D384.2 – Manure Production and Characteristics EP393.3 – Manure Storages EP403.4 – Design of Anaerobic Lagoons for Animal Waste Management EP470.1 – Manure Storage Safety S607 – Ventilating Manure Storages to Reduce Entry Risks

Thank You and Best Wishes for Success on Your PE Exam ! ! University of Kentucky College of Agriculture Biosystems & Agricultural Engineering