Perugia - 15 Giugno 2007 VI Convegno Nazionale sulla Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali Tetraarylcyclosiloxane Rings as Scaffolds for Second Order NLO.

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Perugia - 15 Giugno 2007 VI Convegno Nazionale sulla Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali Tetraarylcyclosiloxane Rings as Scaffolds for Second Order NLO Active and Photoluminescent Materials Alessio Orbelli Biroli, Marco Ronchi, Maddalena Pizzotti, Renato Ugo, Elena Lucenti, Marco Cavazzini, Silvio Quici

SiO 2 Introduction

Which model? = ?= ? The cyclooligosiloxanolates of general formula [RSi(O)O] n n- (R = Ph; n = 3, 4, 6… ) could represent a good 2D-model for a monolayer of organic chromophores bound to a silica-based surface.* * Pozdniakova, Yu. A.; Lyssenko, K. A.; Korlyukov, A. A.; Blagodatskikh, I. V.; Auner, N.; Katsoulis, D.; Shchegolikina, O. I. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2004,

Which model? These molecules can be considered as building blocks for supramolecular architectures on which NLO active or photolumiescent organic cromophores are covalently bound in order to create an organized nanostructure that allows to study the molecular-level features of a monolayer linked to the silica surface.

Synthesis of tetraarylcyclosiloxane rings X = Cl, Br, CH=CH 2, CH 2 Cl For this reason we have synthetized a series of sodium tetraarylcyclosiloxanolates and their trimethylsiloxy derivatives of general formula [4-X-C 6 H 4 Si(O)OR] 4 (R=Na, SiMe 3 X = Cl, Br, CH 2 Cl, CH=CH 2 ) properly functionalized in the para position of the aromatic rings. yield 40-80% yield 40-70% - solubility in organic solvents - stability of the Si-O-Si bound M. Ronchi, M. Pizzotti, A. Orbelli Biroli, P. Macchi, E. Lucenti, C. Zucchi, J. Organom. Chem., 2007, 692,

P. Macchi 2006 X-ray structure of [p-BrC 6 H 4 Si(O)OSiMe 3 ] 4

Linear opticsNon linear optics (NLO) Input wave Output waveInput waveOutput wave molecule (Laser) electron withdrawing group  -conjugated bridge electron donor group push-pull molecule V/cm (laser)

Synthesis of the models for second order NLO The tetraarylcyclosiloxane rings have an active function as electron withdrawing group. yield: 23% yield: 35%

yield: 47% Synthesis of models for second order NLO The tetraarylcyclosiloxane rings have an active function as electron withdrawing group.

NLO response of nanoorganized chromophores compound  EFISH × (esu) (1.91  m) (solvent CHCl 3 )  (D)  (esu) (780)11.30(69) compound  EFISH × (esu) (1.91  m) (solvent CHCl 3 )  (D)  (esu)

Si-gruop vs. nitro-group as EWG compound  EFISH × (esu) (1.91  m) (solvent CHCl 3 )  (D)  (esu) compound  EFISH × (esu) (1.91  m) (solvent CHCl 3 )  (D)  (esu) 275 (*) 5.5 (*) 50 (*) 482 (*) 6.6 (*) 73 (*) 281 (*) 6.1 (*) 46 (*) * Cheng, L.-T.; Tam, W.; Stevenson, S. H.; Meredith, G. R. J. Phys. Chem. 1991, 95,

Synthesis of models for second order NLO The cyclotetrasiloxanic ring has a passive function as a simple scaffold. yield: 46%

NLO response of nanoorganized chromophores compound  EFISH × (esu) (1.91 μm) (solvent CHCl 3 ) 2600 (10 -3 M) 8100 (10 -4 M) (5 × M) 1260 (10 -3 M) 3400 (10 -4 M) 3400 (5 × M)

SHG response by corona-poling measuraments  The fall of SHG signal after the removal of the electric field is of 43% -43%

Synthesis of models for photoluminescent materials yield: 10%

Spectroscopic studies  F in CH 2 Cl 2 solution : 12%  F in solid state : 9% Decay exponential with lifetime 300ps

Spectroscopic studies  F in CH 2 Cl 2 solution : 6.5%  F in solid state : <1% Decay biexponential with lifetime 70ps and 320ps (nm)B1B1  B2B2 2

Molecular model + 4 =

Conclusions and perspectives Organization of four chromophores on the siloxanic ring gives an enhancement of second order NLO response (  values of the tetramer with respect to the monomeric species) of about 3 times due to the the vectorial sum of the dipole moments; that is slightly lower than the expected 4, because of the non perfect parallel alignment of the chromophores, as evidenced also by X-ray characterization; when the chromophore is N,N’-dimethylaminostilbazolium salt, NLO response of both monomer and tetramer increases upon dilution, due to the enhancement of the degree of ionization as expexted for increased dissociation of ion pairs.  Study of the second order NLO and photoluminescent behaviour of the macrocycles in mixture with polymers, respect to the singole molecule, by electric poling.

Acknowledgements MIUR (PRIN 2005, Progettazione ed autoorganizzazione di architetture molecolari per nanomagneti e sistemi optoelettronici) Fondazione CARIPLO (2005, Nuovi materiali con nanoorganizzazione di cromofori in sistemi Host-Guest o su scaffold inorganico per dispositivi fotoluminescenti o optoelettronici) Dr. Stefania Righetto Dr. Daniele Marinotto Dr. Chiara Botta Prof. Patrizia Mussini Prof. PierCarlo Fantucci

Meccanismo possibile

[4-BrC 6 H 4 Si(O)O] 4 4-

[4-BrC 6 H 4 Si(O)ONa] 4 · 9 EtOH

[p-BrC 6 H 4 Si(O)OSiMe 3 ] 4 [p-BrC 6 H 4 Si(O)O] 4 4-

Correlazione tra  EFISH ed il grado di dissociazione  attraverso studi di conducibilità molare La conducibilità specifica  di soluzioni sia della specie tetramera che di quella monomera è stata determinata in un range di concentrazioni 5· M in CHCl 3 a 298 K; conducibilità molare  = 1000  /c;  il tetramero è più correttamente rappresentato nelle equazioni di conducibilità come C + Cl  alla concentrazione 4c; Test di Kraus e Bray: verifica del comportamento di elettrolita debole uni/univalente  il vinculum strutturale appare essere effettivo sul grado di dissociazione che è significativamente più alto per le unità monomeriche nel tetramero rispetto alle loro controparti libere, ad una data concentrazione dell’unità monomerica. ● monomero ■ tetramero

Verifica della possibile formazione di aggregati superiori Test di Kraus e Fuoss: un elettrolita debole possiede un andamento lineare del log  vs logc, con una pendenza di -1/2, mentre le deviazioni da tale linearità con l’aumento della concentrazione indicano la formazione di aggregati superiori.  entrambe le rette quasi coincidono nella regione lineare (i.e. in assenza di formazioni di aggregati);  la struttura tetramerica risulta avere una più alta conducibilità del monomero (i.e. grado di dissociazione);  il monomero ha una tendenza più forte a formare aggregati superiori a concentrazioni minori (10 -3 M vs 4·10 -3 M). ● monomero ■ tetramero

Correlazione del parametro  EFISH con il grado di dissociazione   Dato il valore di  ° dall’equazione di Kraus e Bray è possibile calcolare il grado di dissociazione dell’unità monomerica  =  /  °, che risulta più alto per il tetramero;  il parametro  mostra un’eccellente correlazione lineare 1/ . Questa osservazione supporta con forza la supposizione circa le connessioni tra il grado di dissociazione e l’attività NLO di sali di cromofori push/pull;*  la retta del tetramero è significativamente più alta di quella del monomero, perciò la struttura tetramerica incrementa le proprietà NLO dell’unità monomerica. *Tessore, F.; Roberto, D.; Ugo, R.; Mussini, P.; Quici, S.; Ledoux-Rak, I.; Zyss, J. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2003, 42, ● monomero ■ tetramero aumenta grado di dissociazione aumenta conducibilità molare formazione di aggregati superiori