chapter one: the history of microbiology

microscopic (small) organisms, viruses, prions microbes prefixsci. notation frac. equivalentdec. equivalent kilo- (k)1× /1 = centi- (c)1× / milli- (m)1× / micro- (μ)1× / nano- (n)1× / pico- (p)1× /

Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli can be part of the normal flora of the human body; S. aureus is found on the skin and E. coli in the large intestine. scientific names

microbes and human welfare UNIT ONE (chapters 1-9) microbes microbial metabolism microbial genetics & biotechnology gene therapy, rDNA technology UNIT TWO (chapters 10-13, 27 & 28, presentations) microbial diversity & ecology biogeochemical cycling & bioremediation UNIT THREE (chapters 14-20) microbial diseases & immunology UNIT FOUR case studies of human disease

normal microbiota – those present in & on the human body prevent growth of pathogens produce growth factors (folic acid & vitamin K) produce antimicrobial compounds pathogenic organisms human bacteria

chapter three, part I: microscopy & microscopy lab information

resolution resolution: the ability to distinguish two points shorter = greater resolution (electron > light) unaided eye light microscope electron microscope

microscopy compared Electron Microscopy Light Microscopy

microscopy INCREASING RESOLUTION

light microscopy simple vs compound- # of lenses compound microscope- image magnified by objective & ocular lenses total magnification = objective lens  ocular lens

refraction & oil immersion

FOV & DOV

measuring FOV ocular magnification objective magnification total magnification FOV (μm) 10× 4× 40× 10× 100× 10× 40× 400× 10× 100× 1000×

chapter one: the golden age of microbiology

the golden age of microbiology

biogenesis or spontaneous generation historical microbiology 1745: John Needham spontaneous generation

Chapter One Learning Objectives 1.What types of “organisms” are studied in microbiology? Which of these are considered non-living? 2.How are scientific names correctly written? 3.Six specific microbiological breakthroughs from the “Golden Age of Microbiology” were discussed in class. For each, you should commit to memory the date, researcher and contribution to the field of microbiology. 4.Discuss the four major experiments explained in class that led to the refutation of Spontaneous Generation and the scientific acceptance of the theory of Biogenesis. For each leading up to the work of Louis Pasteur, why did the scientific community as a whole remain unconvinced of the novel theory of Biogenesis. 5.Understand how microorganisms can play both a beneficial and a detrimental role in their interactions with people. Include normal flora in your discussion.

chapter four: the prokaryotic cell

morphology & arrangement

glycocalyx: capsule or slime layer – attachment – prevent phagocytosis pili – DNA transfer fimbriae – attachment flagella – motility the prokaryotic cell: external structures

flagella Motility wet mount including Spirochetes Motility wet mount with Brownian movement Flagellar arrangement

flagella Flagellar structure

anchored at one end; rotate to cause movement axial filaments/endoflagella: spirochetes

laboratory culture & aseptic technique liquid & solid media are either complex or chemically defined solid media have agar

(enteric peritrichous) taxis small size means they sense gradients temporally, not spatially  attractants =  tumble;  run  attractants =  tumble (up gradient)  repellants =  tumble;  run (move down gradient) Flagellar movement Motility

prevents osmotic lysis; usually peptidoglycan Mycoplasmas: lack cell walls, sterols in plasma membrane Archaea: wall-less/pseudomurein (no NAM & D-amino acids) the cell wall

Gram positive vs. Gram negative

acid-fast (AFB) cell walls waxy lipid (mycolic acid) bound to peptidoglycan – Mycobacterium (Nocardia)

ester vs. ether linkages: the archaean cell membrane ester linkage ether linkage

metachromatic granules – phosphate reserves energy reserves – polysaccharide granules – lipid inclusions – sulfur granules carboxysomes CO 2 fixation gas vacuoles buoyancy magnetosomes iron oxide (destroys H 2 O 2 ) inclusions

hereditary information & the nucleoid region

sporulation 8–10 hours, 113 genes 1.chromosome condensation 2.septum formation 3.forespore engulfed 4.peptidoglycan cortex formed 5.spore coat formed 6.resistance mechanisms develop, endospore released

the prokaryotic cell

Chapter Four Learning Objectives 1.Identify and correctly name the five morphological types as well as the various arrangements of bacterial cells discussed in lecture. 2.Understand the location and function of each of the following prokaryotic structures: glycocalyx, capsule, slime layer, flagella, fimbriae, pili, cell wall, cell membrane, nucleoid region and inclusions. 3.Identify and correctly name the four flagellar arrangements. 4.Discuss the basic mechanism for bacterial motility. Include in your discussion how bacterial flagella differ from eukaryotic flagella in structure and motility and how different bacterial arrangements will affect how bacterial cells move. Include endoflagella/axial filaments in your discussion. 5.Discuss positive and negative chemotaxis and phototaxis. How do bacterial cells respond to attractants and repellants? 6.Why is the cell wall a necessary component of most bacterial cells? How is the cell wall of a bacterium different from plants, fungi, Archaea and Mycoplasmas? 7.Understand the chemical make-up of Gram positive, Gram negative and Acid Fast cell walls. 8.What are the major structural differences between bacterial and archaeal cell membranes? 9.Provide the name and function of each of the bacterial inclusions discussed in lecture. 10.How does a nucleoid region differ from a nucleus? How is it similar? 11.Discuss the process of sporulation and germination. For what is a spore used? Can all bacteria produce spores?

chapter three and smear and staining labs information

staining increases resolution stains increase visibility & emphasizes structures –positive (basic) stains absorbed by cell chromophore is cation –negative (acidic) stains repelled by cell chromophore is anion heat-fixed bacterial smears attach to slide & kill simple stain differential stains: distinguish Bacteria –stain & counterstain

differential & special staining Differential Staining – Gram stain Abx treatment, diagnosis, characterization – Acid-Fast stain diagnosis: TB – Spore stain food preservation & safety Special staining – Capsule Pathogenesis STAINING

Chapter Three Learning Objectives 1.Define resolution. How does wavelength relate to resolving power? 2.Understand the mechanism by which light microscopes, scanning electron microscopes and transmission electron microscope allow you to visualize an image. Commit to memory the resolving power of each. 3.Explain the use of positive/basic stains and negative/acidic stains. How does each work and what part of the cell does each stain? 4.Define differential staining. For each technique discussed in class, understand the mechanism of action and what “positive” and “negative” look like.