Classification, Phylogeny, & Organization Chapter 7 Notes

Classification Review Taxonomic Hierarchy Nomenclature

Review What are the three Domains? What are the six Kingdoms?

Domains & Kingdoms Bacteria Archea Eukarya Plantae Fungi Protista Animalia

Eukaryotes Plantae Fungi Protista Animalia Multicellular Unicellular Cell wall Some have cell wall No cell wall Autotrophic Heterotrophic Auto/Heterotrophic Non motile Motile

Patterns of Organization Symmetry – parts of an organism are equally arranged around a point or axis Bilateral symmetry: A single plane divides the organism into right and left mirror images Ex: humans, dogs, fish, kangaroo , vertebrates Radial symmetry: Any plane passing through the central axis divides the organism into a mirror image Ex: Sea Urchins, Jelly Fish, sea anemones, Echinoderms Sea Star = “Penta-radial” Asymmetry – absence of symmetry Ex: sponges

Cephalization The formation of a distinct head Only occurs in animals

Terms of Direction Aboral – End opposite of mouth Oral – Mouth end Anterior – front Posterior – behind Dorsal – backside Ventral – belly side Cephalic – towards head Caudle – towards tail Superior – above Inferior – below Medial – along the symmetry plane Lateral – away from the symmetry plane Distal – away from point of attachment Proximal – toward point of attachment

Other Patterns of Organization Unicellular Level of Organization Protists Must provide for the functions of Locomotion Food acquisition Digestion Water and ion regulation Sensory perception Reproduction Diploblastic Level of Organization Triploblastic Level of Organization

Diploblastic Organization Simplest tissue-level organization Tissues derived from two embryological layers Ectoderm – gives rise to epidermis; outer layer Epithelial cells - the epidermis or skin Brain nervous system Endoderm – gives rise to gastrodermis, tissue that lines the gut cavity lining of the stomach & intestines Middle Layer = Mesoglea; noncellular

Triploblastic Organization Tissues derived from three embryological layers Ectoderm Mesoderm – gives rise to supportive tissues (bones), contractile tissues (muscles), and blood cells. Endoderm Most organisms with this level of organization develop organ systems. Excretory, nervous, digestive, reproductive, circulatory systems 1st Hour Left off here

Triploblastic Animals are further Organized based on… Presence or Absence of a Body Cavity Acoelomate – solid mass/without cavity Pseudocoelomate - body cavity not entirely lined by mesoderm Coelomate – body cavity completely surrounded by mesoderm Coelom = Cavity 3rd Hour Left off Here

Protostomes & Deuterostomes Mouth forms from an embryonic blastopore Blastopore: an indention in the blastula Blastula: an early stage in the development of an embryo Sphere of cells enclosing a fluid filled cavity Ex: Platyhelminthes, Nematodes, Molluscs, Annelids, and Arthropods Anus forms from an embryonic blastospore Ex: Echinoderms, Hemichordates, Chordates