Referencing for FEE MSc students Michael Whitton & Isobel Stark & University Library

Why Reference?  You’ll lose marks if you don’t!  Allows others to trace your sources  Adds weight to your argument  Demonstrates that you have read widely  Credits the author  Avoid plagiarism 2

Plagiarism  Plagiarism is the reproduction or paraphrasing, without acknowledgement, from public or private (i.e.: unpublished) material (including material downloaded from the Internet) attributable to, or which is the intellectual property of, another including the work of students. 3

When should you reference?  Quote from a book?  Paraphrase from a book?  Summarise an article?  Cut and paste free Internet material? 4

How to Reference  It’s NOT difficult! – Citation in the text – see examples – Quoting – Paraphrasing – Summarising  List of references – see guide – IMPORTANT: record details as you go 5

1. Quoting (Harvard)  Due to “increasing energy demand and growing environmental problems in China due to the use of fossil fuels, CSP technologies offer interesting opportunities for China” (Hang 2008, p. 2513). 6

1. Quoting (IEEE)  Due to “increasing energy demand and growing environmental problems in China due to the use of fossil fuels, CSP technologies offer interesting opportunities for China” [1, p. 2513]. 7

2. Paraphrasing (Harvard)  It is suggested that concentrating solar power applications may have interesting opportunities in China due to issues of energy demand and the environment (Hang 2008, p. 2513). 8

2. Paraphrasing (IEEE)  It is suggested that concentrating solar power applications may have interesting opportunities in China due to issues of energy demand and the environment [1, p. 2513]. 9

Different ways of citing (Harvard)  It is suggested … the environment (Hang 2008, p. 2513).  Hang (Hang 2008, p. 2513) suggested … the environment.  Hang (2008, p. 2513) suggested … the environment. 10 Wrong!

3. Reference List/Bibliography  Harvard Hang, Q. (2008). Prospect of concentrating solar power in China—the sustainable future, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 12 (9), pp  IEEE [1] Q. Hang, “Prospect of concentrating solar power in China—the sustainable future,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 12, pp , December

Referencing a book (Harvard)  Author’s Surname, INITIALS., Year of publication. Title. Edition (if not the first). Place of publication: Publisher.  Mercer, P.A. and Smith, G., (1993). Private viewdata in the UK. 2nd ed. London: Longman. 12

Referencing a book (IEEE)  Author(s) First name or initials. Surname, or name of organisation, Title of book followed by fullstop if no edition statement, or comma if there is an edition statement (except the first). Place of publication: Publisher, Year of Publication.  P.A. Mercer and G. Smith. Private viewdata in the UK, 2nd ed. London: Longman,

Referencing a book section (Harvard)  Contributing author’s Surname, INITIALS., Year of publication. Title of contribution. Followed by In: Surname, INITIALS., of author or editor of publication followed by ed. or eds. if relevant. Title of book. Place of publication: Publisher, Page number(s) of contribution.  Knopf, G. K. and Bassi, A.S., (2003). Biological-based optical sensors and transducers. In: Cho, H., ed. Opto-mechatronic Systems Handbook: Techniques and Applications. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, pp

Referencing a book section (IEEE)  Author(s) First name or initials. Surname, "Title of the chapter," in Title of the book, ed., Edition (except the first) vol., volume if available, Ed. editor if available, Place of publication: Publisher, Year of Publication, pp. Chapter/s or First and Last pages of the article.  G. K. Knopf and A. S. Bassi, "Biological-based optical sensors and transducers," in Opto-mechatronic Systems Handbook: Techniques and Applications, Hyungsuck Cho, Ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2003, pp

Referencing a journal article (Harvard)  Author’s Surname, INITIALS., Year of publication. Title of article. Title of journal, Volume number and (part number), Page numbers of article.  Shadbolt, N., Gibbins, N., Glaser, H., Harris, S. and Schraefel, M.C. (2004). CS AKTive Space, or how we learned to stop worrying and love the semantic Web. IEEE Intelligent Systems, 19 (3), pp

Referencing a journal article (IEEE)  Author(s) First name or initials. Surname, "Title of article," Title of journal, vol. volume, no. issue number, pp. first and last pages of the article, Date of issue month if available year.  N. Shadbolt, N. Gibbins, H. Glaser, S. Harris, M.C. Schraefel, “CS AKTive Space, or how we learned to stop worrying and love the semantic Web”, IEEE Intell. Syst., vol. 19, no. 3, pp , May-Jun

Referencing a conference paper (Harvard)  Contributing author’s Surname, INITIALS., Year of publication. Title of contribution. Followed by In: Surname, INITIALS., of editor of proceedings (if applicable) followed by ed or eds if relevant. Title of conference including date and place of conference. Place of publication: Publisher, Page numbers of contribution.  Cookson, A.H. and Pedersen, B.O., (1979). Thermal measurements in a 1200kV compressed gas insulated transmission line. Seventh IEEE Power Engineering Society Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition, 1-6 April 1979, Atlanta, Georgia. Piscataway, N.J.: IEEE, pp

Referencing a conference paper (IEEE)  Author(s) First name or initials. Surname, "Title of paper," in Title of the Conference, Editor/s firstname last name if available, Ed. Place of publication: Publisher if available, Date of publication, pp. first and last pages of the paper.  A. H. Cookson and B. O. Pedersen, "Thermal measurements in a 1200kV compressed gas insulated transmission line," in Seventh IEEE Power Engineering Society Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition, Piscataway, N.J.: IEEE, 1979, pp

Referencing a website (Harvard)  Author's /Editor's Surname, INITIALS., Year. Title. Edition (if not the first). Place of publication: Publisher (if ascertainable). Available from: URL [Accessed Date].  National Centre for Social Research, (2006). Qualitative research. London: National Centre for Social Research. Available from: qualitative.htm [Accessed 14 August 2006]. 20

Referencing a website (IEEE)  Author. (year, month). Title. [Type of Medium]. Available: site/path/file  National Centre for Social Research, (2006). Qualitative research [Online]. Available: s/hw_qualitative.htm 21

Referencing is not an exact science  Variations exist (especially for Harvard) – Choose a format and stick to it  Adapt the conventions to suit non- standard documents (remembering to include all the necessary information)  Be consistent 22

More info…  Library web pages – Information Skills > Referencing Information Skills > Referencing  PEARS, R. and SHIELDS, G. (2010) Cite them right: the essential guide to referencing and plagiarism. 8 th ed. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. – Covers Harvard but not IEEE 23

Exercise

25 Understanding references- answers  M J Griffin, Handbook of Human Vibration, Academic Press, – book  Vibrations of Bars in Kinsler, Frey, Coppens & Sanders (2000), Fundamentals of Acoustics, 4 th ed, New York: Wiley – book chapter

26 Understanding references- answers  Haughton, P. M., Acoustics for audiologists, 2002 – book  KI Lee, VF Humphrey, TG Leighton (2007) Predictions of the modified Biot- Attenborough model for the dependence of phase velocity on porosity in cancellous bone, Ultrasonics, 46, – journal article

27 Understanding references- answers  Brown, W.G.Scott- (1996). Scott-Brown's Otolaryngology Vol.2 Adult Audiology.. 6r.e. Butterworth-Heinemann. – book  Lieberman, P (2007) The evolution of human speech - Its anatomical and neural bases, Current Anthropology, 48 (10), pp39-66 – journal article

28 Understanding references- answers  Wickens, C.D. (1989) Attention and skilled performance. In Human Skills, edited by Denis H. Holding, pp New York: John Wiley & Sons – book chapter  Practical Anatomy and Physiology of the Ocular Motor System in Jacobson, Newman and Kartush (eds) Handbook of balance function testing, 1997 – book chapter 

Bibliographic software  Build a personal reference library  Search databases and export references  Organise your PDFs  Insert citations and build bibliography 29

Using Endnote  Help & training material: bibliographic/endnote/ 30

Create or open a library Go to: Start  All Programs  Bibliographic Software  EndNote X6 31

It is best to save all libraries in a folder called 'EndNote' or 'EndNote X6' 32

 An EndNote library always has two parts - the library 'shape' and the data collected Give the new library a name, and click 'Save' 33

It is usually best to keep all references in one main library Smaller libraries for particular topics can be created using the 'Groups' option 34

Add a new reference 35

Add a new reference Click on the 'New Reference' icon… … or go to 'New Reference' on the dropdown menu 36

Scroll down to see more fields 37

Choose the reference type from the dropdown menu Click the record's 'close' icon to save the completed or edited record automatically The reference type can be changed at any time 38

More about record fields 39

Enter one author per line, surname first, followed by a comma When all chosen fields have been completed, click the record close icon Author, Journal and Keyword fields are indexed 40

The record is added to the library The Preview pane shows the full bibliographic reference in the chosen reference style 41

Change the reference style 42

Go to the dropdown menu and choose 'Select Another Style' The default style is 'Annotated' 43

Scroll down to select the required reference style and click 'Choose' EndNote has over 5000 reference styles 44

The library is now formatted in the selected Reference Style 45

Export database information to EndNote  Export references from databases to a new or existing library or group  Connection files and import filters are used  Many databases export directly to EndNote - some e.g. CSA Illumina, use a slightly different process  A number of databases export URL links as part of the record  The export process is common to all databases on a given platform  There is a separate process for searching any library catalogue 46

Export from Web of Knowledge 47

This is the Web of Knowledge home page Enter a search term - in this case 'diabetes' and click 'Search' 48

On the Results pages, click required items, then click 'EndNote' 49

Alternatively create a list of all required records from the search, then export the marked list Check the boxes for useful records, then click the icon to add to Marked List 50

Marked records are identified Click at any time to view Marked List 51

Select fields to be included in output, then click 'EndNote' It is helpful to include the abstract in exported records 52

A temporary group 'Imported References' is created. The references have already been added to the main library Selected references are imported to the open EndNote Library Click on any imported reference to view details of the record 53

Scroll down the page 54

Click the URL link to view the source record 55

The Web of Knowledge database record is displayed 56

Find full text of articles 57

To search the whole library for free full text, select a single item, then go to 'Edit  Select All' 58

Select 'Find Full Text  Find Full Text …' 59

EndNote searches Web of Knowledge for full text and attaches items found to the individual records 60

The.pdf file appears in the 'File Attachments' field 61

Use EndNote with Word 62

Insert citations in a document 63

Use EndNote with Word The EndNote toolbar is displayed in Word Insert citations, or manage bibliography from either toolbar Use these icons to move between the EndNote library and the Word document 64

Identify the point in the text to insert a citation Click the EndNote icon to go to the EndNote Library 65

Click to highlight the required reference Insert the reference from this toolbar, then return to Word … 66

… or return to Word and click to insert the citation The citation is displayed in the text, with the full reference at the end 67

A document citation folder is created 68

Citations and references are displayed according to choices made within the edited reference style 69

Edit citations 70

Click in the citation to highlight and then go to 'Edit and Manage Citations' 71

Highlight the specific citation Change selection to remove author or year from the citation or show only in the bibliography Click OK to complete the action 72

To remove a reference from the document, go to 'Edit Reference' and 'Remove Citation' 73

The citation and end of text reference are removed from the document 74

To add page numbers to a citation, type the exact letter string required in the SUFFIX box, then click 'OK' 75

76 The suffix text is attached to the citation

And the bibliography can be given a title - click for the 'Format Bibliography' option 77

Go to the Layout tab, insert required heading and format the text if necessary 78