Geologic Time Scale

Scientific Method Raise question Gather data

Scientific Method Raise question Gather data Form hypothesis Test and modify hypothesis

Peer-Reviewed Journals

Science “Magazines”

Scientific Method Scientific Theory Scientific Law “Le château des Pyrénées” (Castle in the Pyrenees) (1961)

“Stuff” of the Universe The Raw Materials for Planets, Rocks and Life

Matter & Energy

Phases of Matter Determined by temperature and pressure Gas Solid Liquid

Rock

Compounds (Minerals, Organic Compounds) Atomic Particles Atoms (Elements) Compounds (Minerals, Organic Compounds) Rocks Living Things Earth Biosphere

Atomic Structure What are atoms made of? Particle Charge Weight (amu) Proton (p) + 1 Electron (e) - ~0 Neutron (n)

Atomic Structure

Atomic Number = Number of Protons Importance of Protons Atomic Number = Number of Protons

Elements Carbon Iron Gold

Periodic Table of the Elements

The most abundant element in the universe: Hydrogen Large Magellanic Cloud

Abundance of the Elements (wt. %): Solid Earth Crust Whole Earth Oxygen(O) 46.3 % 29.5% Silicon (Si) 28.2% 15.2% Aluminum (Al) 8.2% 1.1% Iron (Fe) 5.6% 34.6% Calcium (Ca) 4.1% 1.1% Sodium (Na) 2.4% 0.6% Potassium (K) 2.1% 0.1% Magnesium (Mg) 2.3% 12.7% All others 0.5% 5.1%

Abundance of the Elements (wt.%): Living Things Human Alfalfa Bacteria Oxygen(O) 62.8% 77.9% 73.7% Carbon (C) 19.4% 11.3% 12.1% Hydrogen (H) 9.3% 8.7% 9.9% Nitrogen (N) 5.1% 0.8% 3.0% Phosphorous (P) 0.6% 0.7% 0.6% Sulfur (S) 0.6% 0.1% 0.3%

Atomic Weight = number of protons + neutrons Importance of Neutrons Atomic Weight = number of protons + neutrons

Quiz - Lithium 3 7 Atomic Number = Atomic Weight =

Isotopes

Atoms vs. Ions Importance of Electrons X Charge = 0 (atomic weight = 23) X Charge = 0

Positive Ions Importance of Electrons Sodium Ion Charge = +1 10e (atomic weight = 23) Charge = +1

Ions Importance of Electrons Chlorine Charge = 0 9e (atomic number = 9) (atomic weight = 18) 9p 9n Charge = 0

Negative Ions Importance of Electrons Chlorine Ion Charge = -1 10e (atomic number = 9) (atomic weight = 18) 9p 9n Charge = -1

Compounds (Minerals, Organic Compounds) Atomic Particles Atoms (Elements) Compounds (Minerals, Organic Compounds) Rocks Living Things Earth Biosphere

Determine how atoms bond to form Compounds Importance of Electrons Determine how atoms bond to form Compounds

Organic Compounds Carbon is found in all organic compounds

Minerals - Inorganic Compounds

Minerals and Crystalline Structure

Graphite

Compounds (Minerals, Organic Compounds) Atomic Particles Atoms (Elements) Compounds (Minerals, Organic Compounds) Rocks Living Things Earth Biosphere

Energy Types Kinetic Mechanical Electromagnetic Electricity Heat Sun - Tuesday, April 4, 2006 Types Kinetic Mechanical Electromagnetic Electricity Heat Potential Chemical

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Low Quality High Quality Energy: Quality Low Quality High Quality (disorganized concentrated)

Rules of the Universe Conservation of Matter 1st Law of Thermodynamics (Conservation of Energy) 2nd Law of Thermodynamics (Degradation of Energy) “You can’t thrown anything away” “You can’t get something for nothing” “In fact, you can’t even break even”

Earth: Open or Closed System?

Earth: Matter does not come and go So… matter is constantly recycled on Earth Earth is a Closed System to Matter

Biogeochemical Cycles: Reservoirs & Pathways Atmosphere Biosphere Lithosphere Hydrosphere

Some Major Cycles of Matter Water Cycle Rock Cycle Chemical Cycles Carbon Nitrogen Phosphorous Sulfur

Carbon Cycle Atmosphere Biosphere Lithosphere Hydrosphere

Carbon Cycle: Reservoirs Atmosphere 1x (= 7.3x1017 grams carbon) Biosphere 3x 55x 35,000x Lithosphere Hydrosphere

Carbon Cycle Atmosphere Biosphere Lithosphere Hydrosphere Respiration& Decay Photosynthesis Biosphere Lithosphere Hydrosphere

Carbon Transfer: Biosphere Atmosphere Photosynthesis (Atmosphere to Biosphere) Carbon Dioxide + Water + Sunlight --> Sugar + Oxygen Respiration (Biosphere to Atmosphere) Sugar + Oxygen --> Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy

Carbon Cycle Atmosphere Biosphere Lithosphere Hydrosphere Respiration& Decay Photosynthesis Dissolution Weathering & Volcanism Exsolution Biosphere Burial & Lithification Lithosphere Photosynthesis Burial & Lithification Hydrosphere

Carbon Cycle Human Impacts Atmosphere Biosphere Net Effect: Deforestation: Decrease Photosynthesis Increase Respiration Atmosphere Burning fossil fuels: Increased combustion Biosphere Net Effect: Increase in Carbon in Atmosphere Lithosphere Hydrosphere

Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide northern winter northern summer

Impact

Earth: Earth constantly gains & loses energy Heat Earth is a Open System to Energy Sunlight

Earth: Open or Closed System? Mostly Open to Energy Mostly Closed to Matter