Biology 30 The Endocrine System

Comparison of Nervous System and Endocrine System Produces neurotransmitters Produces hormones Direct cell to cell communication Hormones travel through blood to their target Fast acting Slow acting Lasts a short while Long lasting

General Things to Know Endocrine = Hormone System Hormones are chemicals produced in minute amounts All hormones in body together weigh less than 5 ounces.

General Things to Know Control the slow processes in our bodies Rate of growth Metabolism Development before birth Pregnancy, birth process, lactation Initiation of puberty & sexual maturity Storing & breakdown of food Maintaining water & mineral levels

General Things to Know Hormones are chemical messengers Produced in a gland Travel through the blood stream Act on a “target” cell. Hormones are created in glands called ENDOCRINE glands (“ductless glands”) Because the glands secrete into the blood stream, not into a body cavity (exocrine).

Types of Hormones Local Hormones Not typical hormones Act immediately on area near secretion Action is local and rapid Example = histamines Released by tissues when affected by a foreign substance… pollen… Increases blood flow and fluid leaks into tissues Inflammation, redness, swelling

Types of Hormones Circulating Hormones Typical Produced by endocrine glands Travel through blood To target cell Combine with receptor on or in the target cell Receptor site is either on the membrane or in cytoplasm Initiates a change in the target cell

Chemical Structure of Hormones We are concerned with 2 types Protein or Peptide Hormones Made up of peptide chains or long proteins Water soluble / lipid insoluble Cannot cross phospholipid bilayer Includes hormones from Hypothalamus Pituitary Pancreas

Chemical Structure of Hormones Steroid Hormones Chemically related to cholesterol Water insoluble / lipid soluble Can pass right through the cell membrane Includes Sex hormones Thyroxin Hormones from the adrenal cortex

Anatomy of the Endocrine System Its time for a sensational multi-media event!

Lipid Soluble Hormone

Lipid Insoluble Hormone

Anatomy of the Endocrine System Assignment Identify the following endocrine glands on a diagram of a human and identify the major hormones produced by that gland: Anterior pituitary Posterior pituitary Pineal Gland Thyroid Parathyroid Thymus Stomach Duodenum Adrenal Glands Pancreas Islets of Langerhans Gonads

Hypothalamus Pineal Gland Adrenal Glands Thymus Parathyroid Thyroid Gland Pituitary Gland Ovaries Testes Pancreas

Hypothalamus Pineal Gland Pituitary Gland Thyroid Gland Parathyroid Thymus Adrenal Glands Pancreas Testes

Hypothalamus Pineal Gland Pituitary Gland Thyroid Gland Parathyroid Thymus Adrenal Glands Pancreas Ovaries

Let’s zoom in on the head.

Corpus Callosum Pineal Gland Hypothalamus Optic Chiasma Pituitary Pons Cerebellum Hypothalamus Optic Chiasma Pituitary

Anatomy of the Endocrine System Hypothalamus hormones produced here are secreted into the blood through the posterior pituitary.

Source = Hypothalamus Posterior Pituitary Source Hormone Target Effect

Hypothalamus (Posterior Pituitary) Source = Hypothalamus Posterior Pituitary Source Hormone Target Effect Hypothalamus (Posterior Pituitary)

Hypothalamus (Posterior Pituitary) Source = Hypothalamus Posterior Pituitary Source Hormone Target Effect Hypothalamus (Posterior Pituitary) Oxytocin

Hypothalamus (Posterior Pituitary) Source = Hypothalamus Posterior Pituitary Source Hormone Target Effect Hypothalamus (Posterior Pituitary) Oxytocin Uterus, Mammary

Source = Hypothalamus Source Hormone Target Effect Hypothalamus Posterior Pituitary Source Hormone Target Effect Hypothalamus (Posterior Pituitary) Oxytocin Uterus, Mammary Uterine contraction, milk secretion

Source = Hypothalamus Source Hormone Target Effect Posterior Pituitary Source Hormone Target Effect Hypothalamus (Posterior Pituitary) Oxytocin Uterus, Mammary Uterine contraction, milk secretion

Source = Hypothalamus Source Hormone Target Effect Posterior Pituitary Source Hormone Target Effect Hypothalamus (Posterior Pituitary) Oxytocin Uterus, Mammary Uterine contraction, milk secretion ADH

Source = Hypothalamus Source Hormone Target Effect Posterior Pituitary Source Hormone Target Effect Hypothalamus (Posterior Pituitary) Oxytocin Uterus, Mammary Uterine contraction, milk secretion ADH Kidney

Source = Hypothalamus Source Hormone Target Effect Posterior Pituitary Source Hormone Target Effect Hypothalamus (Posterior Pituitary) Oxytocin Uterus, Mammary Uterine contraction, milk secretion ADH Kidney Water reabsorption

Source = Anterior Pituitary Hormone Target Effect Ant. Pituitary

Source = Anterior Pituitary Hormone Target Effect Ant. Pituitary Growth Hormone (somatotropin)

Source = Anterior Pituitary Hormone Target Effect Ant. Pituitary Growth Hormone (somatotropin) General

Source = Anterior Pituitary Hormone Target Effect Ant. Pituitary Growth Hormone (somatotropin) General Stimulates body growth

Source = Anterior Pituitary Hormone Target Effect Ant. Pituitary Growth Hormone (somatotropin) General Stimulates body growth

Source = Anterior Pituitary Hormone Target Effect Ant. Pituitary Growth Hormone (somatotropin) General Stimulates body growth Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

Source = Anterior Pituitary Hormone Target Effect Ant. Pituitary Growth Hormone (somatotropin) General Stimulates body growth Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Thyroid

Source = Anterior Pituitary Hormone Target Effect Ant. Pituitary Growth Hormone (somatotropin) General Stimulates body growth Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Thyroid Stimulates release of thyroxine from thyroid

Source = Anterior Pituitary Hormone Target Effect Ant. Pituitary

Source = Anterior Pituitary Hormone Target Effect Ant. Pituitary Adreno-corticotropic Hormone ACTH

Source = Anterior Pituitary Hormone Target Effect Ant. Pituitary Adreno-corticotropic Hormone ACTH Adrenal Cortex

Source = Anterior Pituitary Hormone Target Effect Ant. Pituitary Adreno-corticotropic Hormone ACTH Adrenal Cortex Stimulates “Stress” Hormone Release

Source = Anterior Pituitary Hormone Target Effect Ant. Pituitary Adreno-corticotropic Hormone ACTH Adrenal Cortex Stimulates “Stress” Hormone Release Cortisol

Source = Anterior Pituitary Hormone Target Effect Ant. Pituitary Adreno-corticotropic Hormone ACTH Adrenal Cortex Stimulates “Stress” Hormone Release Cortisol Prolactin

Source = Anterior Pituitary Hormone Target Effect Ant. Pituitary Adreno-corticotropic Hormone ACTH Adrenal Cortex Stimulates “Stress” Hormone Release Cortisol Prolactin Mammary

Source = Anterior Pituitary Hormone Target Effect Ant. Pituitary Adreno-corticotropic Hormone ACTH Adrenal Cortex Stimulates “Stress” Hormone Release Cortisol Prolactin Mammary Milk production & Secretion

Source = Anterior Pituitary Hormone Target Effect Ant. Pituitary

Source = Anterior Pituitary Hormone Target Effect Ant. Pituitary Follicle Stimulating Hormone FSH

Source = Anterior Pituitary Hormone Target Effect Ant. Pituitary Follicle Stimulating Hormone FSH Ovary & Testes

Source = Anterior Pituitary Hormone Target Effect Ant. Pituitary Follicle Stimulating Hormone FSH Ovary & Testes Growth of ovarian follicle, Production of Sperm

Source = Anterior Pituitary Hormone Target Effect Ant. Pituitary Follicle Stimulating Hormone FSH Ovary & Testes Growth of ovarian follicle, Production of Sperm

Source = Anterior Pituitary Hormone Target Effect Ant. Pituitary Follicle Stimulating Hormone FSH Ovary & Testes Growth of ovarian follicle, Production of Sperm Luteinizing Hormone LH

Source = Anterior Pituitary Hormone Target Effect Ant. Pituitary Follicle Stimulating Hormone FSH Ovary & Testes Growth of ovarian follicle, Production of Sperm Luteinizing Hormone LH

Source = Anterior Pituitary Hormone Target Effect Ant. Pituitary Follicle Stimulating Hormone FSH Ovary & Testes Growth of ovarian follicle, Production of Sperm Luteinizing Hormone LH Stimulates ovulation, production of testosterone

Source = Pineal Gland Source Hormone Target Effect Pineal Gland

Source = Pineal Gland Source Hormone Target Effect Pineal Gland Melatonin

Source = Pineal Gland Source Hormone Target Effect Pineal Gland Melatonin General

Source = Pineal Gland Source Hormone Target Effect Pineal Gland Melatonin General Biorhythms (sleep vs. wake) (summer vs. winter) Length of days

Source = Thyroid Gland Source Hormone Target Effect Thyroid Gland

Source = Thyroid Gland Source Hormone Target Effect Thyroid Gland Thyroxin

Source = Thyroid Gland Source Hormone Target Effect Thyroid Gland Thyroxin General

Stimulates metabolism, growth, development Source = Thyroid Gland Source Hormone Target Effect Thyroid Gland Thyroxin General Stimulates metabolism, growth, development

Source = Thyroid Gland Source Hormone Target Effect Thyroid Gland

Source = Thyroid Gland Source Hormone Target Effect Thyroid Gland Calcitonin

Source = Thyroid Gland Source Hormone Target Effect Thyroid Gland Calcitonin Bone

Lowers calcium levels by inhibiting bone breakdown Source = Thyroid Gland Source Hormone Target Effect Thyroid Gland Calcitonin Bone Lowers calcium levels by inhibiting bone breakdown

Lowers calcium levels by inhibiting bone breakdown Source = Thyroid Gland Source Hormone Target Effect Thyroid Gland Calcitonin Bone Lowers calcium levels by inhibiting bone breakdown Parathyroid Gland

Lowers calcium levels by inhibiting bone breakdown Source = Thyroid Gland Source Hormone Target Effect Thyroid Gland Calcitonin Bone Lowers calcium levels by inhibiting bone breakdown Parathyroid Gland Parathyroid Hormone

Lowers calcium levels by inhibiting bone breakdown Source = Thyroid Gland Source Hormone Target Effect Thyroid Gland Calcitonin Bone Lowers calcium levels by inhibiting bone breakdown Parathyroid Gland Parathyroid Hormone

Source = Thyroid Gland Source Hormone Target Effect Thyroid Gland Calcitonin Bone Lowers calcium levels by inhibiting bone breakdown Parathyroid Gland Parathyroid Hormone Raises calcium levels by stimulating bone breakdown

Source = Adrenal Glands Hormone Target Effect Adrenal Cortex

Source = Adrenal Glands Hormone Target Effect Adrenal Cortex Aldosterone

Source = Adrenal Glands Hormone Target Effect Adrenal Cortex Aldosterone Kidney

Source = Adrenal Glands Hormone Target Effect Adrenal Cortex Aldosterone Kidney Reabsorbs sodium and water

Source = Adrenal Glands Hormone Target Effect Adrenal Cortex Aldosterone Kidney Reabsorbs sodium and water

Source = Adrenal Glands Hormone Target Effect Adrenal Cortex Aldosterone Kidney Reabsorbs sodium and water Cortisol

Source = Adrenal Glands Hormone Target Effect Adrenal Cortex Aldosterone Kidney Reabsorbs sodium and water Cortisol General

Source = Adrenal Glands Hormone Target Effect Adrenal Cortex Aldosterone Kidney Reabsorbs sodium and water Cortisol General Stimulates Glucose Release Long term stress

Source = Adrenal Glands Hormone Target Effect Adrenal Medulla

Source = Adrenal Glands Hormone Target Effect Adrenal Medulla Epinephrine (Adrenalin)

Source = Adrenal Glands Hormone Target Effect Adrenal Medulla Epinephrine (Adrenalin) Liver & Muscle

Source = Adrenal Glands Hormone Target Effect Adrenal Medulla Epinephrine (Adrenalin) Liver & Muscle Stimulates Glucose release Short term stress

Source = Adrenal Glands Hormone Target Effect Adrenal Medulla Epinephrine (Adrenalin) Liver & Muscle Stimulates Glucose release Short term stress

Source = Adrenal Glands Hormone Target Effect Adrenal Medulla Epinephrine (Adrenalin) Liver & Muscle Stimulates Glucose release Short term stress Norepinephrine (noradrenalin)

Source = Adrenal Glands Hormone Target Effect Adrenal Medulla Epinephrine (Adrenalin) Liver & Muscle Stimulates Glucose release Short term stress Norepinephrine (noradrenalin) General Heart

Source = Adrenal Glands Hormone Target Effect Adrenal Medulla Epinephrine (Adrenalin) Liver & Muscle Stimulates Glucose release Short term stress Norepinephrine (noradrenalin) General Heart Constrict Blood Vessels Increase Heart Rate

Pancreas Beta Cells of Islets of Langerhans Source = Pancreas Source Hormone Target Effect Pancreas Beta Cells of Islets of Langerhans

Pancreas Beta Cells of Islets of Langerhans Source = Pancreas Source Hormone Target Effect Pancreas Beta Cells of Islets of Langerhans Insulin

Pancreas Beta Cells of Islets of Langerhans Source = Pancreas Source Hormone Target Effect Pancreas Beta Cells of Islets of Langerhans Insulin General

Source = Pancreas Source Hormone Target Effect Pancreas Beta Cells of Islets of Langerhans Insulin General Lowers blood glucose levels Stimulates uptake of glucose into cells

Source = Pancreas Source Hormone Target Effect Pancreas Beta Cells of Islets of Langerhans Insulin General Lowers blood glucose levels Stimulates uptake of glucose into cells Pancreas Alpha Cells of Islets of Langerhans

Source = Pancreas Source Hormone Target Effect Pancreas Beta Cells of Islets of Langerhans Insulin General Lowers blood glucose levels Stimulates uptake of glucose into cells Pancreas Alpha Cells of Islets of Langerhans Glucagon

Source = Pancreas Source Hormone Target Effect Pancreas Beta Cells of Islets of Langerhans Insulin General Lowers blood glucose levels Stimulates uptake of glucose into cells Pancreas Alpha Cells of Islets of Langerhans Glucagon Liver & Fatty Tissue

Source = Pancreas Source Hormone Target Effect Pancreas Beta Cells of Islets of Langerhans Insulin General Lowers blood glucose levels Stimulates uptake of glucose into cells Pancreas Alpha Cells of Islets of Langerhans Glucagon Liver & Fatty Tissue Raises blood glucose levels by stimulating liver to convert glycogen back into glucose

Source = Ovary Source Hormone Target Effect Ovary

Source = Ovary Source Hormone Target Effect Ovary Estrogen

Source = Ovary Source Hormone Target Effect Ovary Estrogen General Uterus

Source = Ovary Source Hormone Target Effect Ovary Estrogen General Uterus Develop & Maintain secondary female characteristics Growth of uterine lining

Source = Ovary Source Hormone Target Effect Ovary Estrogen General Uterus Develop & Maintain secondary female characteristics Growth of uterine lining

Source = Ovary Source Hormone Target Effect Ovary Estrogen General Uterus Develop & Maintain secondary female characteristics Growth of uterine lining Progesterone

Source = Ovary Source Hormone Target Effect Ovary Estrogen General Uterus Develop & Maintain secondary female characteristics Growth of uterine lining Progesterone

Source = Ovary Source Hormone Target Effect Ovary Estrogen General Uterus Develop & Maintain secondary female characteristics Growth of uterine lining Progesterone Promotes continued growth of uterine lining

Source = Testes Source Hormone Target Effect Testes

Source = Testes Source Hormone Target Effect Testes Testosterone

General & Reprod-uctive Structures Source = Testes Source Hormone Target Effect Testes Testosterone General & Reprod-uctive Structures

Source = Testes Source Hormone Target Effect Testes Testosterone General & Reprod-uctive Structures Develop & Maintain secondary male characteristics Promotes spermatogenesis

Now that you know what they are… Let’s find out how and when they are produced and how the system can be shut off when things are fine.

Hormones & Feedback Hormone levels are regulated through a process called negative feedback When the brain detects an inappropriate level of a certain hormone, it will do things to fix the problem. When the problem is solved, the brain stops trying to fix it. Let’s look at an example.

Hormones & Feedback When insufficient levels of thyroxin in body… the pituitary releases TSH Thyroid then produces Thyroxin Soon thyroxin levels are high enough for pituitary to stop releasing TSH. As a result, thyroxin release stops.

Hormones & Feedback If Low Levels Of Thyroxin Then ...

Hormones & Feedback Thyroid Gland

Hormones & Feedback Body Cells

Hormones & Feedback Feedback

Hormones & Feedback Feedback Stop the TSH

A Diploma Exam Diagram

Hormonal Control Assignment Using your textbook and class notes, describe each the following disorders by indicating the symptoms identifying the hormones involved identifying if this hormone is in hypersecretion or hyposecretion. hypothyroidism hyperthyroidism goiter diabetes mellitus gigantism dwarfism acromegaly