States of Consciousness 2-4%

“And then suddenly, I saw this bright light at the end of the tunnel.”

Summary Outline A. Sleep and Dreaming B. Hypnosis C. Psychoactive Drug Affects

A. Sleep and Dreaming All animals need to sleep

EEG and sleep

EEG Recordings Frequency How fast ups and downs occur Amplitude Distance between a peak and a trough

Stages of Sleep

Unit V. States of Consciousness

Characteristics of EEG sleep stages Frequency (cycles / second) Amplitude Wave Form Stage I 4 - 8 50-100 Theta Waves Stage II 8 - 15 50-150 Spindle Waves 2 - 4 100-150 Slow waves plus splindles Stage IV 0.5 - 2 100-200 Delta Unit V. States of Consciousness

Need for Sleep Preservation and Protection Theory Sleep Preserves energy Stay out of harm’s way during dangerous or unproductive parts of the day

Restorative Theory of Sleep Body needs to recovery from the day Muscles and brain relax during sleep as if resting up Sleep Deprivation Complete sleep deprivation prevents healing in rats, then kills them Circadian Rhythms Daily cycle of energy and relaxtion

Functions of Sleep Lowering metabolic rate conserves energy Reduces the risk of thermal disequilibrium during the coldest part of the day New learning processes are inactivated which allows us to: Reorganize and more efficiently store the information already in the brain

Functions of sleep Homeostasis (constancy) Need for Alertness Fluctuates despite our best efforts Occasionally fails completely Sleep helps to restore Heteroplasticity (capacity to change in response to changing circumstances) Information processing

Replenishment of Neurotransmitters During REM sleep Most neurons decrease activity slightly in sleep A small minority of neurons cease firing altogether Aminergic Neurons Norepinephrine- and Serotonin-releasing neurons Located in the locus coeruleus and raphe nuclei Ach has a concurrent increase during REM sleep

Neuronal Replenishment theory suggest that: Norepinephrine and serotonin are involved in alertness The producing neurons are inactive during REM sleep The brain produces these transmitters during sleep Which explains the refreshed feelings when we awake

Dreaming Dreams: Content, Lucid Dreaming Meaning of Dreams Wish fulfillment (Freud) Activation-synthesis (Hobson & McCarley) Information Processing, Problem-Solving Daydreams and Fantasies

Sleep Disorders Insomnia Narcolepsy Sleep apnea Somnambulism

Sleep and Dreaming Activities Neuroscience for Kids http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/chsleep.html Activity 1: Keep a "SLOG" (Sleep Log) Dream Journal Worksheet Sleep Journal Worksheet Activity 2: Be an REM Detective Activity 3: Drop off or Drift off? Activity 4: Sleep Latency

B. Hypnosis Hypnotic susceptibility Age regression Posthypnotic suggestion Posthypnotic amnesia Meditation

Theories of Hypnosis: Deep relaxation Role playing State theory Dissociation theory

C. Psychoactive Drug Affects Agonists (Mimic) Antagonists (Block)

Abuse Drug Use / Drug Abuse / Dependence Tolerance Withdrawal Psychological dependence Physical dependence Addiction Tolerance Withdrawal

Indicators of severity Age Early initiation of drug use is a predictor Solitary Drug Use Solitary use is more indicative than social use Means of Acquiring Drugs Purchasing from Strangers Users often say they share What was given in return?

Motivation for Drug Use Reduce stress / Build self-esteem Rebelliousness Peer pressure / Desire to be sociable Use of Multiple Drugs Behavior While Under the Influence of Drugs Associated with traffic violations, pranks, shoplifting, fights

Class Effects Opiates / Narcotics Heroin Morphine Codeine Opiods Depressants Alcohol Sedatives Barbiturates Tranquilizer Stimulants Caffeine Amphetamines Cocaine Nicotine Psychedelics LSD Mescaline Marijuana Hashish Phencyclidine