The Aotearoa New Zealand Nonprofit Sector in Comparative Perspective Lester M. Salamon New Zealand August 2008

Associational Revolution The Global Associational Revolution For-Profit Sector Government Sector Civil Society Sector

C N P

Approach: omparative C 4

Project Countries Denmark Norway Belgium The Netherlands Finland Switzerland United Kingdom France Denmark Czech Republic Sweden Italy Austria Germany Poland United States Romania Russia Canada Slovakia Ireland Hungary Mexico Spain Japan Portugal Egypt Korea Morocco Lebanon Venezuela The Philippines Israel Colombia Ghana India Kenya Thailand Pakistan Tanzania Brazil Uganda Argentina South Africa Chile New Zealand Peru Australia

Approach : omparative C ollaborative 6

Collaborative Argentina - Mario Roitter Australia - Mark Lyons Austria – Ulrike Schneider Belgium - Jacques Defourny & Sybille Mertens Brazil - Leilah Landim & Neide Beres Canada – Michael Hall Chile – Ignacio Irarrazaval Colombia - Rodrigo Villar Czech Republic - Martin Potucek & Pavol Fric Denmark – Ole Gregersen & Thomas Boje Egypt – Amani Kandil Finland – Susan Sundback France - Edith Archambault Germany - Annette Zimmer & Eckhard Priller Hungary - István Sebestény & Renata Nagy India – Rajesh Tandon & S.S. Srivastava Ireland - Freda Donoghue Israel - Benjamin Gidron Italy – Gian Paolo Barbetta Japan - Naoto Yamauchi Kenya – Karuti Kanyinga Korea, Republic of - Tae-Kyu Park Lebanon – Hashem el-Husseini Mexico - Gustavo Verduzco & CEMEFI

Collaborative Russia – Oleg Kazakov Slovakia - Helena Woleková South Africa - Mark Swilling Spain - Jose Ignacio Ruiz Olabuenaga Sweden - Tommy Lundstrom & Filip Wijkstrom Switzerland – Bernd Helmig Tanzania - Laurean Ndumbaro & Amos Mhina Thailand – Amara Pongsapich Uganda – John-Jean Barya United Kingdom – Les Hems & Karl Wilding United States - Lester Salamon & Wojtek Sokolowski Venezuela – Rosa Amelia Gonzalez Morocco - Salama Saidi The Netherlands - Paul Dekker & Bob Kuhry New Zealand - Massey University & Statistics New Zealand Norway - Hakon Lorentzen & Karl Henrik Sivesind Pakistan – Muhammad Asif Iqbal Peru - Felipe Portocarrero & Cynthia Sanborn The Philippines - Ledivina Cariño Poland - Ewa Les & Slawomir Nalecz Portugal – Raquel Campos Franco Romania - Carmen Epure

Approach : omparative C ollaborative onsultative ommon Definition 9

Defining Features Organizations Private Non-Profit Distributing Self-Governing Non-Compulsory

Approach : omparative ollaborative onsultative ommon Definition onsistent Methodology

Approach : omparative ollaborative onsultative ommon Definition onsistent Methodology uantitativo 13

Global Civil Society, Volume Two Order Information: Kumarian Press, www.kpbooks.com

Measuring Civil Society and Volunteering For more information visit www.jhu.edu/ccss/unhandbook

Finding 1: A Major Economic Force

The Scale of Nonprofit Activity, New Zealand NZ $10 billion in operating expenditures 201,000 full time equivalent jobs (67,000 Paid Workers; 134,000 FTE Volunteers) 9.6% of economically active population 4.9% of GDP

Nonprofit workforce as a share of the economically active population, by country 3.3% 2.3% 5.6% 41 countries 2.4% 2.8% 2.6% 3.2% 3.7% 4.6% 2.2% 4.9% 5.8% 5.9% 2.5% 6.4% 8.6% 5.1% 10.2% 9.0% 10.1% 1.8% 1.5% 3.1% 2.7% 3.0% 4.5% 5.6% 3.9% 7.0% 2.3% 1.3% 4.3% 5.0% 5.7% 6.8% 7.3% 7.6% 7.8% 8.8% 8.9% 9.6% 10.9% 11.0% 11.4% 12.3% 15.9% Italy Spain Chile Finland Argentina Germany Norway Australia Austria Denmark United States France Sweden Japan Ireland United Kingdom Belgium Israel Canada Netherlands Paid Staff Volunteers 3.2% 6.4% 9.6% New Zealand

Nonprofit workforce as a share of the economically active population, by country 0.7% 0.9% 1.0% 1.5% 1.7% 1.9% 2.0% 2.1% 2.3% 2.4% 3.2% 3.3% 3.4% 4.2% 5.6% Romania Poland Pakistan Slovakia Morocco India Czech Republic Philippines Tanzania Hungary Peru Kenya Colombia Uganda Egypt Brazil South Africa Mexico Portugal Korea, Rep. of 41 countries Paid Staff Volunteers

Employment in NPIs vs. Selected Industries in New Zealand, 2004 200,605 66,806 133,799 NPIs 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000 Paid Employees Volunteers 6,500 Utilities Construction 74,700 Transport & Communications 77,400 Manufacturing 221,050

Significant Volunteer Presence Finding 2: Significant Volunteer Presence

Volunteers as Share of NPO Workforce New Zealand vs. Country Groups 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 67% New Zealand 28% 35% 37% 40% 43% 44% 48% 56% 58% Eastern European Welfare Partnership Asian Industrialized Australia Latin America Other Developing Anglo - Saxon African Nordic 42% 41 - country average

Finding 3: A Diverse Sector

Roles and Functions Service Provision Advocacy Expression Community-Building Value Guardian Source: Lester M. Salamon, The State of Nonprofit America (Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution Press, 2002) 24

Two Broad Nonprofit Functions Service Education Health Social Services Development and Housing Expressive Culture, Sports and Recreation Environmental Protection Civic and Advocacy Unions, Professional and Business Associations Religion

Distribution of the Nonprofit Workforce, by Field, NZ vs. 39-Country Average 2% 49% 50% Other Expressive Role Service Role 2% 37% 60% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% New Zealand 39-Country Average 2% 3% 7% 8% 16% 20% 25% Other Other, Māori Expression Other, Māori Services Development, Housing Health Social Services Education, Research Membership Associations Culture & Recreation 2% 0% 8% 12% 19% 21% 17%

Membership Associations Distribution of New Zealand Nonprofit Workforce, Paid vs. Volunteer Staff 2% 31% 67% Other Expressive Role Service Role 2% 57% 41% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Paid Volunteer 2% 0% 14% 15% 16% 19% 30% Other Māori Based Health Membership Associations Culture & Recreation Education & Research Social Services 2% 5% 4% 23% 29% 15% 8%

Finding 4: Unusual Revenue Structure

Sources of Nonprofit revenue, New Zealand 2004 25% Government 55% Fees 20% Philanthropy

Sources of Nonprofit Revenue, New Zealand Vs. Country Groups 16% 19% 20% 32% 34% 35% 36% 42% 54% 24% 14% 25% 10% 8% 15% 61% 67% 55% 58% 56% 57% 50% 39% Other Developing Latin American African Australia Asian Industrialised Nordic Anglo-Saxon 38-Country Average Eastern European Welfare Partnership 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Government Philanthropy Fees New Zealand 25% 20% 55%

Finding 5: A Fragile Organism

“…the science of association is the mother of all science; the progress of all the rest depends on the progress it has made.” -- Alexis de Tocqueville

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