Chapter 1 Introduction: Matter and Measurement Chemistry, The Central Science, 10th edition Theodore L. Brown; H. Eugene LeMay, Jr.; and Bruce E. Bursten Chapter 1 Introduction: Matter and Measurement John D. Bookstaver St. Charles Community College St. Peters, MO  2006, Prentice Hall

Matter: Anything that has mass and takes up space. 2

Properties and Changes of Matter 3

Properties of Matter Physical Properties: Chemical Properties: Can be observed without changing a substance into another substance. Boiling point, density, mass, volume, etc. Chemical Properties: Can only be observed when a substance is changed into another substance. Flammability, corrosiveness, reactivity with acid, etc. 4

Properties of Matter Intensive Properties: Extensive Properties: Independent of the amount of the substance that is present. Density, boiling point, color, etc. Extensive Properties: Dependent upon the amount of the substance present. Mass, volume, energy, etc. 5

Changes of Matter Physical Changes: Chemical Changes: Changes in matter that do not change the composition of a substance. Changes of state, temperature, volume, etc. Chemical Changes: Changes that result in new substances. Combustion, oxidation, decomposition, etc. 6

Chemical Reactions In the course of a chemical reaction, the reacting substances are converted to new substances. 7

Units of Measurement 8

There are two types of units: SI Units There are two types of units: fundamental (or base) units; derived units. There are 7 base units in the SI system.

SI Units Système International d’Unités Uses a different base unit for each quantity 10

Metric System Prefixes convert the base units into units that are appropriate for the item being measured. 11

The units for volume are given by (units of length)3. SI unit for volume is 1 m3. We usually use 1 mL = 1 cm3. Other volume units: 1 L = 1 dm3 = 1000 cm3 = 1000 mL.

Uncertainty in Measurements Different measuring devices have different uses and different degrees of accuracy. 13

Physical property of a substance Density: Physical property of a substance d= m V 14

Do now: A graduated cylinder is filled with 15. 0 mL of water Do now: A graduated cylinder is filled with 15.0 mL of water. An object with a mass of 29.66 g causes the total volume to increase to 23.4 mL. What is the density of the sample?

Vocabulary review Mass : amount of matter in an object. It is measured with a balance. Unit in the SI system: grams g Weight: a measure of the pull that the gravity exerts over an object. If we stay in the same planet (same gravity) is used like the mass.

Volume The space that an object occupies. Unit of volume in SI Liter = L

What is density? Density is a comparison of how much matter there is in a certain amount of space. IT IS AN INTENSIVE PHYSICAL PROPERTY. It is used to identify a substance.

DENSITY OF WATER 1g/ml That means that a gram of water has a volume of 1 milliliter or 1 cubic centimeter.

Which one is more dense? Now which one is more dense?

What is density? Density = mass volume or mass ÷ volume. Units for density: g . cm3 Why are these the units for density? ALWAYS REMEMBER UNITS!

Let’s try a density problem together Find the density of a yellow rock has a mass of 8 g and a volume of 4 cm3. Use your table S to determine what element it could be!

IMMISCIBLE LIQUIDS If you pour together liquids that don’t mix and have different densities, they will form liquid layers. Liquids that don’t mix are said to be IMMISCIBLE The liquid with the highest density will be on the bottom. The liquid with the lowest density will be on the top.

Liquid Layers . Which layer has the highest density? Which layer has the lowest density? Imagine that the liquids have the following densities: 10g/cm3. 3g/cm3. 6g/cm3. 5g/cm3. Which number would go with which layer? Is any of the liquids water?

To measure the volume of an object If is a regular object measure the dimensions needed and use the formula cube= LxWxH Cylinder = p h r2 For an irregular object use the water displacement method.

Liquid Layers – Try with your neighbor Which liquid has the highest density? Which liquid has the lowest density? Which liquid has the middle density?

Liquid Layers – Try on your own! Imagine that the liquids on the right have the following densities: 15g/cm3 10g/cm3 3g/cm3 9g/cm3 7g/cm3 12g/cm3 Match the colors to the correct densities. 3g/cm3 7g/cm3 9g/cm3 10g/cm3 12g/cm3 15g/cm3

Review What is the formula for density? What happens if you pour together liquids that have different densities? Will the liquid on the top have the highest or lowest density? Will the liquid on the bottom have the highest or lowest density?

Density worksheet answers 1=1 2=2 3=2 D of Na 0.971 g/mL 4=4 D of Mg 1.738 g/cm3 5=2 6 20g/24.4L = 0.82 g/L

HOMOGENEOUS : SAME PROPERTIES THROUGHOUT THE SAMPLE HETEROGENEOUS : DIFFERENT PROPERTIES IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE SAMPLE

PURE SUBSTANCES have a constant composition ELEMENTS – Made up of same kind of atoms. Could not be decomposed. COMPOUNDS – Made up of different kind of atoms CHEMICALLY COMBINED. Can be decomposed. Recognizable by formulas!

Mixtures and Compounds

Compounds Compounds can be broken down into more elemental particles.

Matter Atoms are the building blocks of matter.

Matter Atoms are the building blocks of matter. Each element is made of the same kind of atom.

Matter Atoms are the building blocks of matter. Each element is made of the same kind of atom. A compound is made of two or more different kinds of elements.

SEPTEMBER 21 ELEMENT , COMPOUNDS AND MIXTURES REVIEW FOR TEST PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES DENSITY

MIXTURES Combination of two or more pure substances. Can be separated by physical means. They do not have a fixed composition. Can be homogeneous or heterogeneous. SOLUTIONS ARE HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURES.

AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS The solution is prepared using water as the solvent (aq) means DISSOLVED IN WATER!!! Na Cl (s) is a compound Na Cl (aq) is a mixture!!!!

Pure Substances and Mixtures

Pure Substances and Mixtures If matter is not uniform throughout, then it is a heterogeneous mixture. If matter is uniform throughout, it is homogeneous. If homogeneous matter can be separated by physical means, then the matter is a mixture. If homogeneous matter cannot be separated by physical means, then the matter is a pure substance. If a pure substance can be decomposed into something else, then the substance is a compound.

Elements If a pure substance cannot be decomposed into something else, then the substance is an element. There are 114 elements known. Each element is given a unique chemical symbol (one or two letters). Elements are building blocks of matter. The earth’s crust consists of 5 main elements. (O, Si, Al, Fe, Ca) The human body consists mostly of 3 main elements. (O, C, H)

Elements

Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids

Symbols First letter of element in CAPITAL letter Second or third letter in lower case. Some elements have symbols different from the english name SODIUM Na POTASSIUM K CUPPER Cu LEAD Pb

IRON Fe MERCURY Hg GOLD Au SILVER Ag TIN Sn

Symbols from Latin Names Element Symbol Latin name Copper Cu cuprum Gold Au aurum Lead Pb plumbum Mercury Hg hydrargyrum Potassium K kalium Silver Ag argentum Sodium Na natrium Tin Sn stannum

DIATOMIC ELEMENTS H2O2F2Br2I2N2Cl2

Classification of Matter

Classification of Matter

Classification of Matter

Classification of Matter

Classification of Matter

Classification of Matter

Classification of Matter

Classification of Matter

Classification of Matter

Classification of Matter

MC ANSWERS 1 . A 2 . A 3. A 4. D 5. A 6. B 7. C 8. D 9. D

Chemical Reactions

Electrolysis of Water

Separation of Mixtures

Distillation: Separates homogeneous mixture on the basis of differences in boiling point.

Distillation

Filtration: Separates solid substances from liquids and solutions.

Chromatography: Separates substances on the basis of differences in solubility in a solvent.

Uncertainty in Measurement

Significant Figures The term significant figures refers to digits that were measured. When rounding calculated numbers, we pay attention to significant figures so we do not overstate the accuracy of our answers.

Uncertainty in Measurement All scientific measures are subject to error. These errors are reflected in the number of figures reported for the measurement. Precision and Accuracy Measurements that are close to the “correct” value are accurate. Measurements that are close to each other are precise.

PRECISSION DEALS WITH REPRODUCIBILITY OF A MEASUREMENT. ACCURACY DEALS WITH THE EXACTESNESS OF THE MEASUREMENT, HOW CLOSE IT IS TO THE , TRUE, ACCEPTED OR STANDARD VALUE PRECISSION DEALS WITH REPRODUCIBILITY OF A MEASUREMENT. IF SEVERAL MEASUREMENTS GIVE A SIMILAR RESULT IT IS SAID THAT THE MEASUREMENT IS PRECISE

Accuracy versus Precision Accuracy refers to the proximity of a measurement to the true value of a quantity. Precision refers to the proximity of several measurements to each other.

October 5 UNCERTAINTY IN MEASUREMENT SIGNIFICANT FIGURES – Rules and examples DO NOW Calculate the density of an object that has a mass of 10.0 g and a volume of 3.0 mL.

Measuring Volume by water displacement

Significant Figures The number of digits reported in a measurement reflect the accuracy of the measurement and the precision of the measuring device. All the figures known with certainty plus one extra figure (estimated digit) are called significant figures.

Sig fig in calculations In any calculation, the results are reported to the fewest significant figures (for multiplication and division) or fewest decimal places (addition and subtraction).

Significant Figures All nonzero digits are significant. Zeroes between two significant figures are themselves significant. Zeroes at the beginning of a number are never significant. Zeroes at the end of a number are significant if a decimal point is written in the number or if they are to the right of a decimal point.

0.0030 has 2 sf Has 3 sf 700.00 has 5 sf

EXAMPLE FOR ADDITION Copy and perform the following operation indicating the right number of sig fig 12 1.2 0.2 ---------------------

MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION 5 x 100 = 0.00022 x 745 = 3469/ 5799=

Examples: How many significant figures are in each of the following? 0.000487 kg 29.0400 s 507 people 230,050 cm 45.600 A

Tell the number of significant digits in each of the following measurements. 1. 48 cm __________ 2. 306.2 g __________ 3. 0.329 m __________ 4. 83.9520 °C __________ 5. 3700 mm __________ 6. 400. cm3__________ 7. 71.60 g __________ 8. 0.00432 mm __________ 9. 10.0 kg __________ 10. 3.60 × 1015 sec __________ 11. 6.24 × 10-4 m __________ 12. 82.000 g __________

Tell the number of significant digits in each of the following measurements. 1. 48 cm __________ 2. 306.2 g __________ 3. 0.329 m __________ 4. 83.9520 °C __________ 5. 3700 mm __________ 6. 400. cm3__________ 7. 71.60 g __________ 8. 0.00432 mm __________ 9. 10.0 kg __________ 10. 3.60 × 1015 sec __________ 11. 6.24 × 10-4 m __________ 12. 82.000 g __________

How do scientist express the accuracy of a measurement? DO NOW : Observe the two instruments in my desk to measure volume, determine which would determine the volume of an Al cylinder with greater accuracy and explain in your notebook why.

Percent Error To determine the accuracy of a measurement. It tells us how far our measured stands from an accepted or known value. % error = I measured value – accepted value I X 100 ___________________________________________ accepted value

Example Calculate the percent error of the measurement for a student that determined that the density for Al is 2.5 g/mL. Hint use table T to determine the accepted value!

1) 3.482 cm + 8.51 cm + 16.324 cm ____________________ 2) 48.0032 g + 9.17 g + 65.4321 g ____________________ 3) 80.4 cm - 16.532 cm ____________________ 4) 106.5mL - 30. mL ____________________ 5) 48.2 cm × 1.6 cm × 2.12 cm ____________________ 6) 8.3 m × 4.0 m × 0.9823 m

7) 64.34 cm3 ÷ 8.149 cm ____________________ 8) 4.93 mm2 ÷ 18.71 mm ____________________ 9) 0 57 mL x 760 mm/740 mm x 273K/250 K 10) 5 13 g x 44 962amu/15 874 a m u

Answers 28.32 cm 122.61 g 63.9 cm 76 mL 160 cm3 33 m3 7.895 cm2 0.263 mm

MULTIPLE CHOICE 3 2 1 4

1. According to an accepted chemistry reference 1. According to an accepted chemistry reference. the heat of vaporization of water is 540. calories per gram. A student determined in the laboratory that the heat of vaporization of water was 620. calories per gram. The student's results had a percent error of (1) 12.9, (2) 80.0, (3) 14.8, (4) 87.1 2. Which measurement contains a total of three significant figures? (1) 0.01 g (2) 0.0100 g (3) 0.010 g (4) 0.01000 g

3. In an experiment the gram atomic mass of magnesium was determined to be 24.7. Compared to the accepted value 24.3, the percent error for this determination was (1) 0. 400, (2) 24.7, (3) 1.65, (4) 98.4 4. A student determined the melting point of a substance to be 55.2°C. If the accepted value is 50. 1°C the percent error in her determination is (1) 5.10, (2) 10.2, (3) 9.24, (4) 12.0 5. Using the rules for significant figures, the sum of 0. 027 gram and 0. 0023 gram should be expressed as (1) 0. 029 gram, (2) 0.03 gram, (3) 0.0293 gram, (4) 0.030 gram

6. Which milligram quantity contains a total of four significant figures? (1) 0.3010 mg (2) 3100 mg (2) 3010 mg (4) 30001 mg

Scientific Notation Numbers written in scientific notation include a numeral with one digit before the decimal point, multiplied by some power of ten (6.022 x 1023) In scientific notation, all digits are significant. You should be able to convert from non-scientific notation to scientific and vice-versa.

Temperature Definition Instrument Scales

TEMPERATURE Is associated with heat but it is NOT HEAT. IT IS NOT A FORM OF ENERGY!!!! ( Heat is) Review: What is KINETIC ENERGY?

KINETIC ENERGY (KE) Is associated with movement. If an object is moving fast has high KE If an object is moving slowly it has low KE

Temperature In scientific measurements, the Celsius and Kelvin scales are most often used. The Celsius scale is based on the properties of water. 0C is the freezing point of water. 100C is the boiling point of water.

Temperature: A measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a sample. If an object is at HIGH temperature its particles are moving FAST At LOW temperature particles move SLOWLY

Instrument to measure temperature THERMOMETER

FIXED POINTS OF A THERMOMETER BOILING POINT OF WATER FREEZING POINT OF WATER

Temperature The Kelvin is the SI unit of temperature. It is based on the properties of gases. There are no negative Kelvin temperatures. K = C + 273.15

Temperature The Fahrenheit scale is not used in scientific measurements. F = 9/5(C) + 32 C = 5/9(F − 32)

Examples: What is 35ºC in Kelvin? In ºF? What is 183 K in ºC? In ºF?