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OSHA Hazards for Construction (1926) Health Hazards OSHA Hazards for Construction (1926)

OSH Act of 1970 The purpose of the OSH Act is to “assure so far as possible every working, man and woman in the nation safe and healthful working conditions and to preserve our human resources.”

Routes of Entry Inhalation Absorption Ingestion airborne contaminants penetration through the skin Ingestion eating drinking

OSHA Hierarchy of Control Engineering controls Work practice controls Administrative controls Personal protective equipment (PPE)

Types of Exposure Acute Chronic Short term period between exposure and onset of symptoms Chronic Long time period between exposure to an agent and the onset of symptoms

Exposure Limits Air Contaminants OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration NIOSH National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health ACGIH American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists

Exposure Limits Air Contaminants OSHA PEL, STEL, Ceiling NIOSH TWA, STEL, Ceiling ACGIH

Exposure Limits Air Contaminants TWA takes into account variable exposure through a full shift, 8 hour work day STEL limit of exposure during a short period, 15 minutes CEILING absolute maximum level of exposure not to be exceeded

Exposure Limits Air Contaminants Legally enforceable OSHA PEL OSHA AL (action level) OSHA EL (excursion limit)

Silica Special Emphasis Program (SEP) 3/25/2017 Special Emphasis Program--Silica OSHA’s Industrial Hygiene initiative Collaboration of OSHA Compliance and Consultation Programs SiO2

Why Target Crystalline Silica Exposure? Widespread occurrence and use Number of related deaths Number of exposed workers Health effects

Occurrence and Use of Silica SiO2 - basic component of sand, quartz & granite Quartz - 2nd most common mineral in the earth’s crust Airborne silica is produced by:

Occurrence and Use of Silica Airborne silica is produced by: sandblasting rock drilling foundry work stone cutting drilling quarrying tunneling jack hammering concrete manufacturing demolition asphalt pavement manufacturing

Construction Targeting Jack hammering Rock drilling Abrasive blasting Concrete mixing Brick and concrete block or slab cutting

Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) for Silica 10 mg/m3 % Quartz +2 = ? mg/m3 PEL for respirable dust containing a % silica.

Silicosis Prevention Program Medical surveillance program baseline examination medical and occupational history prior to exposure every 5 years if < 20 years of exposure every 2 years if > 20 years of exposure baseline chest x-ray pulmonary function tests (PFT) x-ray upon termination of employment Source: OSHA SEP

Silicosis Prevention Program Personal air monitoring program Training and information on crystalline silica Availability of air and medical surveillance data to workers Respiratory protection program Source: OSHA SEP

Silicosis Prevention Program Hygiene facilities and clothing change areas Recordkeeping Personal exposures below the PEL OR facility has an abatement program that provides interim worker protection Housekeeping program Regulated areas Source: OSHA SEP

Health Effects Acute - intense crystalline silica exposure Accelerated - more intense exposure over 5 to 15 years Chronic - 20 to 45 years prolonged exposure to crystalline silica

Common Hazard Abrasive blasting Paint removal Renovation & demolition 3/25/2017 Common Hazard Abrasive blasting Paint removal Renovation & demolition Road repair

Exposure Controls Substitution Coal slag (black beauty) Steel grit Aluminum oxide Wild stuff (frozen CO2, walnut shells, baking soda

Exposure Controls Wet Methods Water suppression of dust Very effective method May be less efficient Requires supply of water and clean up Power tools with HEPA exhaust

Silica Case Example 39 year old sandblaster diagnosed with silicosis and tuberculosis after 22 years of abrasive blasting shortness of breath wheezing chest discomfort lung tissue samples - extensive fibrosis (silicosis)

Silica Case Example 49 year old man diagnosed with silicosis, emphysema, and asthma after 21 years of work as a tile installer where he was exposed to dust from cutting, drilling, and working with grout. He was a nonsmoker

Cadmium 29 CFR 1926.1127 Blue-white metal Grayish-white powder Found in lead, copper, and zinc sulfide ores Compounds highly colored from brown to yellow and red

Cadmium 29 CFR 1926.1127 Uses electrode component in alkaline batteries stabilizer in plastics paints

Cadmium 29 CFR 1926.1127 Short term exposure irritation of upper respiratory tract constriction of the throat metallic taste cough flu-like symptoms

Cadmium 29 CFR 1926.1127 Long term exposure kidney damage lung cancer prostate cancer

Scope All occupational exposure to cadmium compounds 3/25/2017 Scope All occupational exposure to cadmium compounds in all construction work construction alteration repair

Covered Activities Wrecking Demolition Salvage 3/25/2017 Covered Activities Wrecking Demolition Salvage Use of cadmium containing paints Cutting, brazing, burning, grinding or welding Electrical grounding w/cadmium Installation of cadmium products Emergencies Transportation, disposal, and storage

Definitions Action level (AL) Competent person (29 CFR 1926.32) 3/25/2017 Definitions Action level (AL) 2.5 g/m3 Competent person (29 CFR 1926.32) determines presence of cadmium regulated areas access PPE training

Permissible Exposure Limit 3/25/2017 Permissible Exposure Limit PEL = 5 g/m3

? Exposure Monitoring Prior to performance Exposure at or above the AL 3/25/2017 Exposure Monitoring Prior to performance Exposure at or above the AL relevant plans reports MSDSs other records Frequency Additional monitoring ?

Initial Monitoring As soon as practicable Higher concentrations 3/25/2017 Initial Monitoring As soon as practicable Higher concentrations monitor while conducting task Objective data Documentation > 5 g/m3 < 5 g/m3

Prohibited Activities 3/25/2017 Prohibited Activities Eating Drinking Smoking Chew tobacco Apply cosmetics OR carry such products into regulated areas

Methods of Compliance Intermittent exposure 3/25/2017 Methods of Compliance Intermittent exposure Exposure < 30 days per year Engineering and work practice controls are not feasible reduce exposure to lowest level PPE

3/25/2017 Methods of Compliance Employee Rotation

Compliance Program Exposure > PEL Written program 3/25/2017 Compliance Program Exposure > PEL Written program Review and update as necessary

Other Requirements Hygiene areas and practices Housekeeping 3/25/2017 Other Requirements Hygiene areas and practices Housekeeping Medical Surveillance 30 or more days > action level Communicating hazards Recordkeeping

Lead in Construction Standard 29 CFR 1926.62 3/25/2017 Lead in Construction Standard 29 CFR 1926.62 SCOPE AND APPLICATION Applies to all construction work where an employee may be occupationally exposed to lead. Excludes construction work covered in the general industry standard.

Lead in Construction Standard 3/25/2017 Lead in Construction Standard Applies to: Demolition Removal and Encapsulation New construction, alteration, repair, or renovation Installation of products containing lead Lead contamination/ emergency cleanup Transportation, disposal, storage Maintenance operations associated with construction

Selected Definitions LEAD Metallic lead All inorganic lead compounds 3/25/2017 Selected Definitions LEAD Metallic lead All inorganic lead compounds Organic lead soaps ~ Excludes organic lead compounds. ~

Selected Definitions COMPETENT PERSON ACTION LEVEL (AL) 3/25/2017 Selected Definitions COMPETENT PERSON ACTION LEVEL (AL) 30 g/m3 PERMISSIBLE EXPOSURE LIMIT (PEL) 50 g/m3

Selected Definitions ALLOWABLE EXPOSURE (in g/m3) # hours worked 400 3/25/2017 Selected Definitions ALLOWABLE EXPOSURE (in g/m3) 400 # hours worked

Selected Definitions INITIAL DETERMINATION 3/25/2017 Selected Definitions INITIAL DETERMINATION To determine whether employees are exposed at above the action level May rely on historical data May rely on objective data

Exposure Assessment Lead in Construction 3/25/2017 Exposure Assessment Lead in Construction INITIAL DETERMINATION TASK 1 TRIGGERS: Exposure up to 500 g/m3 (10 x the PEL) Activities include: manual demolition of structures, hand scrapping or sanding, heat guns, power tool cleaning with dust collection systems, spray painting

Exposure Assessment Lead in Construction 3/25/2017 Exposure Assessment Lead in Construction INITIAL DETERMINATION TASK 2 TRIGGERS: Exposure up to 2,500 g/m3 (>10 x the PEL, but less than 2,500 g/m3 ) Activities include: using lead containing mortar, cleanup where dry expendable abrasives are used, rivet busting, power tool cleaning without dust collection systems, movement/removal of enclosures

Exposure Assessment Lead in Construction 3/25/2017 Exposure Assessment Lead in Construction INITIAL DETERMINATION TASK 3 TRIGGERS: Exposure > 2,500 g/m3 (>50 x the PEL) Activities include: abrasive blasting, welding, cutting, torch burning

Exposure Assessment Lead in Construction 3/25/2017 Exposure Assessment Lead in Construction POSITIVE INITIAL DETERMINATION Exposure at or above the action level and below the PEL Conduct monitoring representative of each exposed employee May use historical data Additional monitoring - every 6 months Document

Exposure Assessment Lead in Construction POSITIVE INITIAL DETERMINATION Exposure at or above the PEL Conduct monitoring representative of each exposed employee May use historical data Additional monitoring - quarterly Document

Exposure Assessment Lead in Construction 3/25/2017 Exposure Assessment Lead in Construction NEGATIVE INITIAL DETERMINATION No exposure at or above the action level Additional monitoring is not required unless there is a change in: equipment, process, control, personnel or task resulting in levels at or above the action level Document

Methods Of Compliance Lead in Construction 3/25/2017 Methods Of Compliance Lead in Construction Engineering Controls Respiratory protection Compliance program Mechanical ventilation Administrative controls Good work practices

Respiratory Protection Lead in Construction 3/25/2017 Respiratory Protection Lead in Construction REQUIRED: While engineering and work practice controls are being installed or implemented During activities when engineering and work practice controls are not feasible Where engineering and work practice controls are not feasible to reduce exposures below PEL/AL In emergencies

Respiratory Protection Lead in Construction 3/25/2017 Respiratory Protection Lead in Construction Must be provided whenever an employee requests a respirator. Must provide a PAPR whenever an employee requests one and it is protective against the level of exposure.

Exposure > PEL Lead in Construction 3/25/2017 Exposure > PEL Lead in Construction Respiratory protection Personal protective equipment Change rooms Showers (where feasible in construction) Eating facilities Hand washing facilities

Housekeeping Lead in Construction 3/25/2017 Housekeeping Lead in Construction Maintain surfaces as free as practicable of lead accumulation.

Medical Surveillance Lead in Construction 3/25/2017 Medical Surveillance Lead in Construction INITIAL MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE Exposure > AL one day MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE PROGRAM Exposure > AL for more than 30 days per year

Medical Removal Lead in Construction 3/25/2017 Medical Removal Lead in Construction Two blood lead levels > 50 g/dL Return - < 40 g/dL Benefits

Employee Training Lead in Construction 3/25/2017 Employee Training Lead in Construction EXPOSURE > AL ANNUALLY

Recordkeeping Lead in Construction 3/25/2017 Recordkeeping Lead in Construction EXPOSURE DATA At least 30 years MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE Duration of employment plus 30 years

Recordkeeping Lead in Construction 3/25/2017 Recordkeeping Lead in Construction MEDICAL REMOVAL At least duration of employment OBJECTIVE DATA 30 years