The East Asian World Chapter 9, Sections 1-3

Outline Rise of Ming Dynasty Rise of Qing Dynasty Tokugawa Japan Korea Zheng He Contact with Europeans Culture/Society Decline of Ming Rise of Qing Dynasty Kangxi European influence Tokugawa Japan Economy and society Korea

Rise of the Ming Dynasty 1368-1644 Ruler was Ming Hong Wu, or “Ming Martial Emperor” China grew to include parts of Mongolia, Central Asia, and Vietnam Ming improvements Centralized government School systems Factories for producing goods Public works projects like canals for shipping Introduction of new, easier to produce, crops

Exploration and Invitation Voyages of Zheng He Yong Le, son of Ming Hong Wu, begins voyages into Indian Ocean Made an enormous profit through trade…but some did not agree with trade Confucius ideas condemned it Voyages halted following Yong Le’s death (1424) Contact with Europeans Portuguese arrive in 1514, first contact since Marco Polo Brought Christian missionaries Exchange of ideas was biggest gain (no trade) Chinese saw themselves as superior to European “barbarians”

Fall of the Ming Dynasty Problems within the empire Weak rulers, high taxes, and poor crop production all led to a downfall Disease epidemic also killed thousands Li Zicheng’s peasant revolt Sparked by epidemic Capital city of Beijing taken in 1644 Fighting over who would rule China ensued

Rise of the Qing Dynasty Manchu Dynasty Came from Manchuria, area northeast of the Great Wall Made up 1% of Chinese population Conquered Zicheng’s army, taking control of China Qing adaptations All Chinese men had to shave heads and braid their hair into a pigtail called a queue The Manchu people were made “distinct” from all other people Most were made nobles Some were made banners, the chief Chinese fighting force Chose to share power with the Chinese 80% of government jobs owned by Chinese

Qing economy Popularity of artwork like blue and white porcelain grows Growth in business and jobs Higher population and food production Did not see commercial capitalism, or private business based off profit, we see in Europe Government controlled business Agricultural jobs still the biggest employer

Reign of Kangxi Kangxi’s rule Expansion Religion 1661-1722 Ruled for longest period in the history of China Expansion Stopped revolts within China Gained territories in Taiwan, Vietnam, Russia, Mongolia, & Tibet Religion 1692 – Issues Edict of Toleration allowing worship of Christianity, as well as missionaries Christians split on issue of ancestor worship 1715 – Pope condemns ancestor worship in China Kangxi forbades missionaries, says they cause trouble

Role of Europeans Qianlong White Lotus Rebellion European interference Ruled 1736-1795 Weak ruler, corruption grows in China White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804 Launched in response to high taxes, weak rule, corruption Rebellion is stopped, but at great cost to Qing dynasty European interference See moment of weakness as opportunity Chinese allow trade, but under strict rules British request more open trade with the Chinese Told the Chinese do not need the British or their manufacturers

Family Life The Chinese family Role of women Society revolves around the family Individuals sacrificed their desires for benefit of family Extended family – grandparents, parents, children, and children’s spouses under same roof Clan – Up to hundreds of families sharing religious and social activities Role of women Inferior to men Could not be educated Could not divorce or inherit property If they did not produce a son, a second wife could be picked up

Tokugawa Japan Rise Oda Nobunga Toyotomi Hideyoshi Tokugawa Ieyasu 250 separate territories called hans Daimyo, or heads of noble families, ruled and controlled their own lands Controlled by a hostage system in which their families are held under shogunate custody Late 1500s, 3 leaders emerged to change this Oda Nobunga Seized the capital, Kyoto, and began the change Toyotomi Hideyoshi Inherited power from Oda Persuaded many daimyo to surrender power Tokugawa Ieyasu Inherited power from Toyotomi Took complete control of Japan, creating central authority and beginning the “Great Peace”

European Influence Portuguese arrive in 1543 Goods Religion Want to capitalize on Japanese trade with China Goods Japanese impressed with European goods Use guns to conquer enemies Religion Francis Xavier is first missionary Thousands converted Kicking out Europeans Christian practice of destroying shrines upsets Japanese, Europeans booted A small Dutch community is allowed to remain and trade

Economy and Society Trade Class System Role of Women Culture Like Chinese, Japanese reluctant to trade (Confucius) Tokugawa rule encourages trade Class System 4 classes Warriors, peasants, artisans, and merchants Below these are the eta, or Japanese outcasts Marriage between classes is forbidden Role of Women Parents arranged marriages, wife moved in with husband’s family Valued for role of child bearers and homemakers Culture Literature, theater, and art grew in popularity and importance

Korea Yi Dynasty Rulers patterned their economy and society after the Chinese Because of isolation, Korea known as “the Hermit Kingdom” 1630s – After being weakened by Japanese invaders, Koreans are conquered by Chinese