The Fruits The frut is the devoloped , fertilized, mature ovary or ovaries of a single flower. Function: to protect and nourish the seed during development.

A-Superior Fruits: e.g Linseed, Solanaceae, Mustard. B-Inferior fruits: Cardamom, Umbelliferae

Inferior fruits Superior fruits

The Fruit is Classified into True False The Gynoecium only The Gynoecium + other floral parts

True Fruits Simple Aggregate Composite (compound) Derived from apocarpous ovary (separate carpels) e.g Star anise Formed from the whole inflorescence e.g Mullberry شجرة التوت Derived from single ovary of one or more united carpels e.g Fennel

The Fruits

True False The Fruits True False The Fruits The Fruits Simple Simple Succulent Aggregate Composite Simple Dry Achenes Follicles The Fruits True False Succulent Aggregate Composite Simple Dry Achenes Follicles The Fruits The Fruits

Succulent (fleshy pericarp) Drupe, the endocarp is hard and woody Berry, the endocarp neither hard nor lignified

Teeth

Dry (with a dry or leathery pericarp) Dehiscent: split open when ripe to release the seeds Indehiscent: don’t split open when ripe (one seeded) Schizocarpic: - bi- or multilocular fruit, - split up into one seed indehiscent parts (mericarps)

Dehiscent Fruits 1-Follicle: the splitting along one side only e.g. star anise, strophanthus 2- Siliqua: the splitting by 2 valves to apex e.g mustard seed

3- Legume The splitting along the two sides

4- Capsule: dehisces by various ways.

Capsule As 1/or 2 but seeds remain attached to central axis Split along middle septa Split along the middle septa Split along the middle line of each locule Split open into locules

Partial longitudinal splitting forming teeth Split by pores Capsule whose upper part falls off when the seeds are released-

don’t split open when ripe (usually one-seeded) Monocarpillary derived from superior ovary, pericarp is memberaneous-not fused with the testa e.g strawberry (aggregates of achene) a b c d

Caryopsis From inferior ovary

Cypsella

Indehiscent cont.)) Sycamore شجرة الجميز البندق

3rd type of dry fruit

e.g Labiatae On ripening, it splits into numerous one-seeded achene-like mericarps

e.g Castor الخروع سكر القيقب Composed of 2 or more indehiscent winged parts split from each other Polycarpellary multilocular ovary e.g Castor الخروع سكر القيقب

2nd type of true fruit

Aggregate Fruits Achenes: grouped on swollen or dry receptacle Follicles: A Follicle is a dry dehiscent fruit which splits on one side only. It may contain one or many seeds.

3-Composite fruit Syconus Strobile , derived from scaly inflorescence e,g Hops A collective fleshy fruit, in which the ovaries are hidden within a hollow receptacle, as in the fig.

Fig

Long pepper Serosis (soross): derived from a spike (inflorescence) with a fleshy axis and perianthes of the single fruits fused together. e.g Mullberry long pepper 3-Composite fruit (cont.) Long pepper

Histology of the fruit As the ovary matures, its wall develops to form the pericarp, which is divided into three layers. The outermost, the exocarp, is usually a single epidermal layer. The extent of the middle layer, the mesocarp,

The inner layer, the endocarp, varies widely, but in any single type of fruit one of the layers may be thick, the others thin. These layers are generally more conspicuous in fleshy fruits than in dry ones.

Terminology of the fruit Carpophore: Floral axis extension between adjacent carpels, as in the Apiacea. Epicarp or Exocar: Outermost layer of pericarp Mesocarp: Middle layer of pericarp.

Endocarp: Innermost differentiated layer of pericarp. Pericarp: Fruit wall. Placenta: Region of attachment of seeds on inner fruit wall.

Three-layer structure Ex. Three-layer structure shared by all fruits. The fruit skin is the outermost layer, called the exocarp. It protects two inner layers: the mesocarp, and the pit, or endocarp. Together, these three layers comprise the pericarp, the thickened wall of fruit that encases and protects the seed.

(Innermost of mesocarp) Oil drops Caox

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