RADIOGRAPHIC FILM PROCESSING DARKROOM

THE PROCESSING AREA PROCESSING AREA VIEWING SECTION

VIEWING AREA PROCESSING AREA

VIEWING SECTION VIEWBOX ILLUMINATION INTENSITY-500-1000 FOOT CANDLES

PHOTOMETER IS USED TO MEASURE VIEWBOX ILLUMINATION INTENSITY

VIEWING STATION

ALL BULBS HAVE TO REPLACED VIEWBOX LIGHT IF ONE BULB IS BLOWN ALL BULBS HAVE TO REPLACED

VIWBOXES TO BE CLEANED ONCE EVERY 6 MONTHS IF USED 24/7 – BULBS CHANGES ONCE A YEAR IF USED 12/7 BULBS CHANGED ONCE EVERY TWO YEARS

VIEWING AREA HOT LIGHT

MOST OF MODERN MEDICAL IMAGING DEPARTMENTS USE AUTOMATIC PROCESSORS—MOST OF THOSE ARE DAYLIGHT PROCESSORS

AUTOMATIC DAYLIGHT PROCESSORS

AUTOMATIC DARKROOM PROCESSORS

AUTOMATIC DARKROOM PROCESSORS

MANUAL PROCESSING

DARKROOM

BASIC COMPONENTS OF DARKROOM STORAGE SHELVES WORKBENCH

BASIC COMPONENTS: PROCESSOR

BASIC COMPONENTS: CHEMISTRY MIXING TANKS

BASIC COMPONENTS: FILM DUPLICATOR

DUPLICATING FILM EXPOSED TO ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION

BASIC COMPONENTS: FILM FLASHER

BASIC COMPONENTS: SILVER RECOVERY SYSTEM

BASIC COMPONENTS FILM BIN

FILM BIN AUDIO ALARM

CONTAINS INDIVIDUAL SLOTS THAT HOLD FILMS OF DIFFERENT SIZES FILM BIN ANATOMY CONTAINS INDIVIDUAL SLOTS THAT HOLD FILMS OF DIFFERENT SIZES

TYPICAL DARKROOM FILM BIN OTHER FILMS 8 x 10 10 x 12 11 x 14 14 x 17 FRONT

RADIOGRAPHIC FILM SIZES 14 X17 11 x 14 10 x 12 8 x 10 7 x 17 6 x 12 14 x 36 35 x 43 28 x 35 25 x 30 20 x 25 18 x 43 15 x 30 35 x 91

DARKROOM LIGHT WHITE LIGHTS SAFELIGHTS

WHITE LIGHT IS USED FOR: EQUIPMENT REPAIR AND DARKROOM CLEANING

DURING FILM PROCESSING SAFELIGHTS USED DURING FILM PROCESSING

SAFELIGHT BULBS INCANDESCENT RECESSED WITHIN METALLIC LIGHT FIXTURE RED FILTER-- KODAK GBX-2 OR GS-1 AMBER FILTER --WRATTEN 6B

SAFELIGHTS RED—GREEN LIGHT SENSITIVE FILM ORTHOCHROMATIC AMBER –BLUE LIGHT SENSITIVE FILM TOTAL DARKNESS FOR PANCHROMATIC FILM

AT LEAST 3 FEET FROM THE FILM TRAY 7.5 W FILM TRAY

AT LEAST 4 FEET FROM THE FILM TRAY 15 W FILM TRAY

LATENSIFICATION INCCREASED SENSITIVITY TO SAFELIGHT ILLUMINATION AFTER FILM WAS EXPOSED

DARKROOM DESIGN

LEAD SHIELDING IF ADJACENT TO X-RAY ROOM 1/16 INCH OF LEAD IN THE WALLS ALL THE WAY TO THE CEILING.

IF ADJACENT TO X-RAY ROOMS PASS-BOXES NEEDED TO PASS FILMS DIRECTLY FROM THE X-RAY ROOM TO DARKROOM

VENTILATION SYSTEM MUST BE LIGHTPROOF AND ABLE TO FILTER OUT DUST

HUMIDITY 40-60% > 60%--FILM FOG <40% STATIC ARTIFACTS

SIZE BIG ENOUGH!!!?

COLOR WALLS AND CEILING CAN BE PAINTED IN ANY COLOR

TEMPERATURE 50-70 º F FOR FILM STORAGE– TO SLOW DOWN THE AGING PROCESS OF THE FILM

WOULD YOU STORE IT LIKE THIS???

STORE YOUR FILMS STANDING ON THE EDGE TO AVOID PRESSURE MARKS STORE YOUR FILMS STANDING ON THE EDGE TO AVOID PRESSURE MARKS. USE FILM STORAGE CARTS OR SHELVES

DARK-- NOT OT REFLECT WHIT LIGHT INTO THE DARKROOM COLOR OF THE MAZE DARK-- NOT OT REFLECT WHIT LIGHT INTO THE DARKROOM

DARKROOM TESTING WHITE LIGHT LEAKS SAFELIGHT FOG

SAFELIGHT TEST

SENSITOMETRY

SENSITOMETRY-QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENT OF FILM RESPONSE TO EXPOSURE & DEVELOPMENT

FILM DEVELOPMENT

SENSITOMETRIC STRIPS

PRODUCING STRIP WITH PENETROMETER

PRODUCING STRIP WITH PENETROMETER X-RAY TUBE

PRODUCING STRIP WITH SENSITOMETER

PRODUCING STRIP WITH SENSITOMETER VISIBLE LIGHT

MEASURING DENSITY WITH DENSITOMETER

MEASURING DENSITY WITH DENSITOMETER VISIBLE LIGHT I o I t

OD OPTICAL DENSITY OD= LOG Io/I t

0.3 = 2 X DENSITY

OD vs % OF LIGHT TRANSMISSION 1 2 3 4 100 10 1 0.1 0.01

Characteristic curve, a curve used to show the exposure properties of a film or a film screen system. The characteristic curve, which was described in 1890 by Hurter and Driffield, is a representation of how the exposure of the film is related to the measurable signal, i.e. the blackening of the film, or film density. The characteristic curve is different for different film types but has a general shape as shown in Fig.1. The base and fog density is measured on an unexposed film. The shape of the characteristic curve tells the user the contrast properties (slope of the linear part) and the useful exposure range (length of the linear part). It also will indicate the speed of the film (or film-screen system), which can be judged from the curve's position along the horizontal axis. The speed class can also be found from the characteristic curve

SENSITOMETRIC CURVE H & D CURVE D Log E CURVE CHARACTERISTIC CURVE

SOLARIZATION

SYNERGISTIC REACTION HYDROQUINONE PHENIDONE

SOLARIZATION FILM DUPLICATION EXPOSURE TIME DENSITY

Base Plus Fog ( GROSS FOG, D min 0. 15 - Base Plus Fog ( GROSS FOG, D min 0.15 -.20 OD) The density of the unexposed film base plus any chemical fogging that may occur during processing

Inertia Point TRESHOLD The point at which the film has absorbed sufficient light energy to start forming a latent image.

Toe A non-linear region where shadow detail is recorded in negative materials (Highlight detail in print material). Compression of the density differences occur and contrast is decreased.

Straight Line Portion ( GAMMA, SLOPE) The linear section where most of the information is recorded. This section is used to determine the processed contrast of the film.

RANGE OF USEFUL DENSITIES 0.25-2.0

Shoulder A non-linear section Shoulder A non-linear section. Compression of density differences occur and contrast is decreased. It is unusual to record information on this region of the curve, however this region may be reached with overexposure or extended development such as push processing to increase effective film speed

QUANTITATIVE DATA OBTAINED FROM H&D CURVE FILM SPEED FILM CONTRAST B+F ( BASE PLUS FOG) EXPOSURE LATITUDE

FILM SPEED FAST SLOW

FILM CONTRAST AVERAGE GRADIENT A.G.= (OD2 – OD1)/ (LRE2 –LRE1)

FILM CONTRAST STEEPNESS OF THE SLOPE

FILM CONTRAST AVERAGE GRADIENT LRE1 LRE2

FILM LATITUDE LATITUDE LATITUDE

CONTRAST VERY HIGH VISIBILITY OF DETAIL

VISIBILITY OF DETAIL vs CONTRAST HIGH CONTRAST LOW CONTRAST

PROCESSOR MONITORING DEVELOPER TEMP DEVELOPMENT TIME . SPEED FOG CONTRAST

THE AUTOMATIC PROCESSOR

AUTOMATIC PROCESSOR DAYLIGHT SYSTEM

PROCESSOR

SECTIONS OF THE PROCESSOR D F W D

ENTRANCE ROLLERS ENTRANCE ROLLER ENTRANCE ROLLER

FILMS ORIENTATION ON THE TRAY 14 X 17 11 X 14 10 X 12 8 X 10 7 X 17

PROCESSOR SYSTEMS & SUBSYSTEMS TRANSPORT TEMP. CONTROL RECIRCULATION REPLENISHMENT DRYER ELECTRICAL

TRANSPORT TRANSPORT FILM THROUGH PROCESSOR, REGULATION OF IMMERSION TIME, AGITATE SOLUTIONS

TRANSPORT GUIDE SHOE ROLLER RACKS

TURNAROUND ASSEMBLY MASTER GUIDE SHOE

TURNAROUND ASSEMBLY MASTER ROLLER GUIDE SHOE SQUEEGE ROLLER

TEMPERATURE CONTROL—DRYER AND SOLUTION TEMPERATURE ELECTRICAL HEATER

TEMPERATURE VARIATION +- 5 DEG. FARENHEIT

TEMPERATURE DEVELOPER FIXER WASH DRYER 95 DEG F 95 DEG. F 90-95 DEG. F

TEMP. CONTROL

DRYER TEMP. RECIRCULATION DRYER BLOWER

RECIRCULATION –AGITATION OF SOLUTIONS+ FILTRATION FILTER PUMP

RECIRCULATION

REPLENISHMENT SYSTEM

REPLENISHMENT D F REPLENISHMENT PUMP

REPLENISHMENT RATES FOR EVERY 14 IN. OF FILM 60-70 ML OF DEVELOPER 100-110 ML OF FIXER

PROCESSING TIME +- 2 % VARIATION 45 SEC-210 SEC. MOST PROCESSORS DROP TIME 90 SEC.

RADIOGRAPHIC ARTIFACTS

TYPES OF ARTIFACTS PROCESSING EXPOSURE HANDLING AND STORAGE

PROCESSING ARTIFACTS HYPORETENTION PI-LINES GUIDE SHOE MARK STATIC ENTRANCE ROLLER MARK CRINKLE MARK FINGER MARKS EMULSION PICK-OFF WATER STAIN

EXPOSURE ARTIFACTS MOTION IMPROPER POSITIONING POOR FILM SCREEN CONTACT DOUBLE EXPOSURE FOREIGN OBJECTS BACK-SCATTER CASSETTE UPSIDE-DOWN BROKEN CASSETTE IMPROPER USE OF GRID

HANDLING & STORAGE ARTIFACTS LIGHT FOG RADIATION FOG STATIC SCRATCHES HYPORETENTION

FILMS STUCK TO EACH OTHER DURING PROCESSING

HYPORETENTION

PI-LINE

GUIDE SHOE MARK

STATIC

STATIC

STATIC

ROLLER MARKS

FINGER MARKS

CRIMPING MARK

PICK-OFF

WATER STAIN

WATER STAIN

POOR FILM SCREN CONTACT

H.T. (High Voltage) CABLES

DOUBLE EXPOSURE

BACKSCATTER OR CASSETTE UPSIDE-DOWN

BACKSCATTER

BACKSCATTER OR CASSETTE UPSIDE-DOWN

MOIRE EFFECT

WARPED CASSETTE-LIGHT LEAK

HAIR BUN

CLOTHES RIBBING

GRID CUT-OFF

JEWELLERY

SCATTER FOG

SANDBAG

FOGGING

KYPHOSIS-CHIN

STRAP

Q.A. TESTS COLLIMATION FOCAL SPOT SIZE KVP CALIBRATION EXPOSURE LINEARITY EXPOSURE REPRODUCIBILITY FILM-SCREEN CONTACT PROTECTIVE APPAREL INTEGRITY

COLLIMATION (LIGHT FIELD/RADIATION FIELD CONGRUENCY) SEMI-ANUALLY NINE PENNY TEST OR SPECIAL TOOL TEST +- 2% OF SID

FOCAL SPOT SIZE ANNUALLY PINHOLE CAMERA, SLIT CAMERA, STAR PATTERN +- 50%

STAR PATTERN

LINE PAIR TEST TOOL

KVP CALLIBRATION ANNUALLY KVP METER +- 10%

KVP METER

EXPOSURE LINEARITY ANNUALLY DOSIMETER +- 10%

EXPOSURE REPRODUCIBILITY ANNUALLY RADIATION DOSIMETER +-5%

FILM/SCREEN CONTACT ANNUALLY WIRE MESH NO DARK AREAS PRESENT ON THE FILM

WIRE MESH

HOW USE WIRE MESH TO TEST FILM SCRREN CONTACT CASSETTE

PROTECTIVE APPAREL ANNUALLY FLUORO NO CRACKS OR HOLES