Adverbs

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01 02 03 04 Content Definition How We Make An Adverb Formation of Adverbs 04 Kinds of Adverbs and their Positions

05 06 07 Content Comparison of Adverbs Order of Adverbs Adjectives vs Adverbs

Adverbials Adverbs are words that we use to give more information about a verb, adjective or another adverb. They can be one word (angrily, here) or phrases (at home, in a few hours) and often say how, where, when or how often something happens or is done, though they can also have other uses.

What is an ADVERB ? Verb Adjective Another Adverb Adverbs are words that modify: He drove slowly. [How did he drive?] Verb He drove a very fast car. [How fast was his car?] Adjective She moved quite slowly down the aisle. [How slowly did she move?] Another Adverb

How We Make Adverbials An adverbial can be an adverb: He spoke angrily. They live here. We will be back soon. An adverbial can be an adverb: He spoke really angrily. They live just here. We will go quite soon. We will go as soon as possible. An adverb with a quantifier: He spoke in an angry voice. They live in London. We will go in a few minutes. A phrase with a preposition:

Formation of Adverbs Most adverbs are formed by adding -ly to their corresponding adjectives. Examples are: kindly (kind), slowly (slow), hardly (hard), sweetly (sweet) etc She is very beautiful (adjective). She is beautifully (adverb) dressed. He is a strange (adjective) person.

Formation of Adverbs Adjective Adverb Happy Happily Angry Angrily 1. If the adjective ends in -y, replace it with -i and then add -ly. Adjective Adverb Happy Happily Angry Angrily Lucky Luckily

Formation of Adverbs Adjective Adverb Happy Happily Angry Angrily 2. If the adjective ends in -able, -ible, or -le, replace the -e with -y. Adjective Adverb Happy Happily Angry Angrily Lucky Luckily Adlective Adverb probable probably gentle gently humble humbly

Formation of Adverbs Adjective Adverb basic basically economic 3. If the adjective ends in -ic, add -ally. Adjective Adverb basic basically economic economically This rule, however, has an exception. The adverb formed from public is publicly, and not publically.

Kinds of Adverbs Adverbs of Place Adverbs of Purpose Adverbs of Frequency Adverbs of Time Adverbs of Manner

Adverbs of Manner

Adverbs of Manner Explanation Position Points To Be Noted

Examples are: happily, angrily, slowly, carefully, fast etc. Adverbs of Manner say how something happens or is done Examples are: happily, angrily, slowly, carefully, fast etc. She walked slowly. John drove carefully. The soldiers fought bravely.

POSITION POSITION Adverbs of manner normally go in end position (at the end of a clause). She sang well. He talked loudly. She walked slowly. He managed it skillfully. She speaks English well.

Adverbs of an adjective or another adverb normally goes before it. POSITION Adverbs of an adjective or another adverb normally goes before it. She is seriously ill. I was terribly busy.

Adverbs of Place

Adverbs of Place tell us where something happens. Examples are: upstairs, here, there, nearby, everywhere, in, out etc. She looked for him everywhere. Please come in. They bought a house nearby. He lives here.

Adverbs of Place sometimes express both movement and location Examples are: ahead, abroad, overseas, uphill, downhill, sideways, indoor, outdoors etc. My parents live abroad. They climbed uphill. She fell backwards.

They are normally placed at the end of a clause POSITION They are normally placed at the end of a clause She took him out. They all went away. We went ahead. The children were playing upstairs. He jumped out.

Adverbs of Frequency

Adverbs of Indefinite Frequency tell us how often something happens Common examples are: always, ever, usually, normally, often, frequently, seldom, never etc. I am never late for office. Have you ever been to the US? I often work late.

Adverbs of Frequency Explanation Position Points To Be Noted

POSITION Adverbs of frequency go in mid position. They are normally placed after the auxiliary verbs and before other verbs. When there are two auxiliary verbs, the adverb goes after the first. I always get up early. (adverb + main verb) I am seldom late for work. (is/am/are/was/were + adverb) We frequently visit them. (adverb + main verb) I have never seen a dolphin. (auxiliary verb + adverb + main verb)

NOTE 1. Usually, normally, often, frequently, sometimes and occasionally can also go at the beginning or end of a clause. We visit them occasionally. Often we trust the wrong person.

2. Always, ever, rarely, seldom and never can go only in mid position. NOTE 2. Always, ever, rarely, seldom and never can go only in mid position. They never admitted their fault. You can always trust him.

However, always and never can begin imperative clauses. NOTE However, always and never can begin imperative clauses. Always look before you leap. Never ask her about her age.

Adverbs of Purpose

Adverbs of Purpose Adverbs of Certainty Adverbs of Degree

Adverbs of Degree tell us about the degree or extent of an action, quality or manner. Examples are: almost, little, enough, much, too, partly, fully, so, rather, quite, nearly, just, too, hardly, scarcely, very etc. She is very beautiful. I am extremely sorry. She is quite strong. They are fully prepared.

POSITION Adverbs of degree normally come in mid position with the verb. They are placed after the auxiliary verbs and before other verbs. If there are two auxiliary verbs, the adverb comes after the first. He had hardly begun. (auxiliary verb + adverb + main verb) My work is almost finished. (is/am/are/was/were + adverb) I just asked. (adverb + main verb)

POSITION An adverb of degree qualifying an adjective or another adverb normally goes before it. She is very beautiful. Those mangoes were very sweet. I am extremely sorry.

POSITION Enough is an exception to this rule. It is placed after the adjective or adverb it qualifies. You are not old enough to marry. This is good enough to be true.

express how certain or sure we feel about an action or event. Adverbs of Certainty express how certain or sure we feel about an action or event. Common examples are: certainly, definitely, probably, undoubtedly, clearly, obviously etc. He is undoubtedly a great leader. There is clearly something wrong. She is definitely taller than you.

POSITION Adverbs of certainty usually go in mid position. They are placed after auxiliary verbs and before other verbs. When there are two or more auxiliaries, the adverb goes after the first. He is undoubtedly a great leader. (is/am/are/was/were + adverb) She will probably come. (auxiliary verb + adverb + main verb) It will certainly rain this evening. (auxiliary verb + adverb + main verb)

NOTE Perhaps and may be are exceptions to this rule. They usually go at the beginning of a clause. Perhaps she will come. May be you are right.

Adverbs of Time

Adverbs of Time/ Definite Frequency tell us when something happens. Examples are: today, yesterday, later, now, all day, not long, for a while, since, last year, sometimes, frequently, never, often, yearly etc. I shall go there tomorrow. You must get up early. I have seen him before. Let us start now.

Most adverbs of time go in end position. I met him yesterday. He died last year. They are leaving for England tomorrow. He visits us daily. I haven't seen him lately.

Initial position is also common. Yesterday I met him. Tomorrow I am leaving for the US.

Finally, already, soon, and last can also go in mid position. NOTE Finally, already, soon, and last can also go in mid position. She has finally got a job. They soon realized their mistake.

Still and just can only go in mid position. NOTE Still and just can only go in mid position. I just asked. He is still working for the same firm.

NOTE Note that a mid position adverb is placed after the auxiliary verbs and before other verbs. When there are two auxiliary verbs, the adverb normally comes after the first.

Comparison of Adverbs

in her room every morning before lunch. There is a basic order in which adverbs will appear when there is more than one Order of Adverbs Verb Manner Place Frequency Time Purpose Beth swims enthusiastically in the pool every morning before dawn to keep in shape Dad walks impatiently into town every afternoon before supper to get newspaper. Tashoda naps in her room before lunch Verb Manner Place Frequency Time Purpose Beth swims enthusiastically in the pool every morning before dawn to keep in shape. Dad walks impatiently into town every afternoon before supper to get a newspaper. Tashonda in her room every morning before lunch. naps In actual practice, of course, it would be highly unusual to have a string of adverbial modifiers beyond two or three (at the most). Because the placement of adverbs is so flexible, one or two of the modifiers would probably move to the beginning of the sentence: "Every afternoon before supper, Dad impatiently walks into town to get a newspaper." When that happens, the introductory adverbial modifiers are usually set off with a comma.

Order of Adverbs

Comparison of Adverbs There are three degrees of comparison in adverbs – the Positive, the Comparative, and the Superlative. The adverbs form their comparatives and superlatives using – er and –est , and more and most. Adverbs that end in –ly use the words more and most to form their comparatives and superlatives. Comparison of Adverbs

The one-syllable adverbs use ‘-er’ in the comparative form, and ‘-est’ in the superlative form. Comparison of Adverbs Positive Comparative Superlative early earlier earliest fast faster fastest hard harder hardest high higher highest late later latest loud louder loudest near nearer nearest soon sooner soonest

Adverbs which end in ‘-ly’ or have three or more syllables each form the comparative with ‘more’ and the superlative with ‘most’. Comparison of Adverbs Positive Comparative Superlative angrily more angrily most angrily brightly more brightly most brightly dimly more dimly most dimly freely more freely most freely gladly more gladly most gladly heavily more heavily most heavily loudly more loudly most loudly quietly more quietly most quietly sweetly more sweetly most sweetly terribly more terribly most terribly

Some adverbs form the comparative and the superlative irregularly. Comparison of Adverbs Positive Comparative Superlative badly worse (than) worst (the) far farther farthest further furthest little less least much/many more most well better best

Adjectives Vs Adverbs

SSome words ending in -ly are adjectives, and not normally adverbs. EXTRA NOTE SSome words ending in -ly are adjectives, and not normally adverbs. Common examples are: costly, cowardly, deadly, friendly, likely, lively, lonely, lovely, silly, ugly and unlikely. She has a lovely daughter. Don't be silly. It was a lively discussion.

Some adverbs and adjectives have the same form. EXTRA NOTE Some adverbs and adjectives have the same form. A fast (adjective) car goes fast (adverb). Hard (adjective) work pays. You must work hard (adverb). He is an early (adjective) riser. I got up early (adverb) today. It is easy (adjective). Take it easy (adverb)

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