Citation Tutorial Welcome to the Smith Citation Tutorial.

By the end of this tutorial, you should be able to explain… Objectives By the end of this tutorial, you should be able to explain… By the end of this tutorial, you should be able to explain why to cite, when to cite, how to cite and consequences for failing to cite. Why to Cite When to Cite How to Cite Consequences for Failing to Cite

Give Credit Where Credit Is Due “ Give Credit Where Credit Is Due Why is citation important? Because we need to give credit where credit is due.

Why? pla·gia·rism Why? Because if we don’t, it is plagiarism.

What is Plagiarism? “to commit literary theft” Deception “present as new and original an idea or product derived from an existing source” “to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one's own” Stealing Appropriation “use (another's production) without crediting the source” Plagiarism has several definitions: to steal and pass off as one’s own; use without crediting the source; to commit literary theft; to present as new and original an idea or product derived from an existing source. “plagiarism." Merriam-Webster.com. Merriam-Webster, 2019. Web. 3 January 2019.

Words and Ideas are Proprietary? Yes! “Almost all forms of expression fall under copyright protection as long as they are recorded in some way (such as a book or a computer file).” According to Plagiarism.org, “The expression of original ideas is considered intellectual property and is protected by copyright laws.” Are words and ideas proprietary? The answer is YES! Almost all forms of expression fall under copyright protection as long as they are recorded in some way (such as a book or computer file.) What is Plagiarism? (2017, May 18). Turnitin, LLC. Retrieved January 2, 2019, from https://www.plagiarism.org/article/what-is-plagiarism

Forms of Plagiarism FAILING NEGLECTING COPYING CHANGING USING CLAIMING TO PROVIDE ACCURATE INFORMATION REGARDING THE SOURCE OF A QUOTATION TO PLACE QUOTATION MARKS AROUND QUOTED TEXT COPYING CHANGING WORDS OR IDEAS WITHOUT GIVING CREDIT TO THE AUTHOR OR ORIGINAL SOURCE A FEW WORDS FROM A COPIED TEXT, BUT KEEPING THE SAME SENTENCE STRUCTURE Here are 6 forms of plagiarism – from claiming another person’s work as your own to neglecting to place quotations around quoted text. Review each of the 6 ways listed here. You can see how a student may think they are not plagiarizing because they changed a few words from a copied text or they provided source information, but it was not accurate source information. Intentional or unintentional, it is still plagiarism. USING CLAIMING SO MANY WORDS AND IDEAS FROM ANOTHER SOURCE THAT IT COMPRISES THE MAJORITY OF YOUR END PRODUCT ANOTHER PERSON”S WORK AS YOUR OWN What is Plagiarism? (2017, May 18). Turnitin, LLC. Retrieved January 2, 2019, from https://www.plagiarism.org/article/what-is-plagiarism

When Should You Cite Sources? QUOTATION Anything that is not common knowledge or your own idea needs to be cited to avoid plagiarism PARAPHRASE SUMMARY FACTS & DATA So when should you cite sources? Anything that is not common knowledge or your own idea needs to be cited to avoid plagiarism. There are a variety of techniques listed here that are used to cite work. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION

Best Use PARAPHRASE SUMMARY Best used to… QUOTATION PARAPHRASE SUMMARY Best used to… Comparing and contrasting specific points of view Highlight eloquent phrases You disagree with an author’s argument Best used to… Condense a passage from a cited work Highlight your own voice Avoid long quotations Best used to… Provide a broad overview of a cited work Highlight your own voice Avoid long quotations Each technique is best used in certain circumstances. For example. Quotations are best used when: Comparing and contrasting specific points of view Highlight eloquent phrases You disagree with an author’s argument Quoting, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing. (n.d.). The Purdue OWL Family of Sites. Retrieved January 5, 2019, from https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/using_research/quoting_paraphrasing_and_summarizing/index.html

Ramifications ENSURE ACCURACY PROTECT PROPERTY ETHICAL LEGAL There are ethical and legal ramifications for citing work. The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th edition tells us that: Basic ethical and legal principles underlie all scholarly research and writing To ensure accuracy of scientific knowledge To protect intellectual property rights

Potential Consequences Loss of credit Marked transcript Expulsion Academically Loss of credibility and reputation Compromised relationships Broken trust Professionally The potential consequences for not citing include Academic and Professional. From the UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND CODE OF ACADEMIC INTEGRITY: “The normal sanction for an undergraduate student who has been found responsible for violating the Code of Academic Integrity during an Honor Review is the grade of “XF” in the course. The normal sanction for a graduate student shall be dismissal (suspension or expulsion) from the University. Generally, acts involving advance planning, falsification of papers, conspiring with others, or some actual or potential harm to other students will merit a severe sanction, i.e. suspension or expulsion, even for a first offense. An attempt to commit an act shall be punished to the same extent as the consummated act.”

IS THE TITLE & TYPE OF INFORMATION The 4 Ws CREATED THE WORK WHO WAS IT PUBLISHED WHEN IS THE TITLE & TYPE OF INFORMATION WHAT CAN ONE FIND IT WHERE Harvard Business School Citation Guide refers to the 4 W’s. Who created the work, What is the title and type of information, When was it published and Where can one find it. HBS Citation Guide. (2018, September). HBS Baker Library.. Retrieved January 6, 2019, from https://www.library.hbs.edu/Citations/HBS-Citation-Guide

Include Sources in Text and References List In Text Citations References List For each point you make that draws from an outside source, you will need to indicate within the text of your writing which source was used. At the end of your document, you will need to include a list of all references that you cited. In the following slides, we will provide examples of how to cite sources within the text and in the references list, using two common citation styles: APA style and Chicago style. Please ask your instructor for each course which style guide they would like you to use; they might ask you to use a guide other than these two, depending on the norms of that discipline. In text citations For each point you make that draws from an outside source, you will need to indicate within the text of your writing which source was used.

APA Format for Citing Sources within the Text APA Style It is often the case that an “organization or agent must make a choice that will affect the choices of some other people” (Thaler & Sunstein, 2003, p. 175). For example, Thaler & Sunstein (2003) give the example of a company’s cafeteria director, who knows that where she places the food impacts what people purchase, and therefore whether people choose more or less healthy options. Organizations can also impact people’s choices based on which item they set as the default: researchers have found that designating an item as the default option (from which people can opt-out if they choose) increases the selection of that item compared to if people need to opt-in to have it (Johnson & Goldstein, 2003; Thaler, Sunstein, & Balz, 2012). Incorporate a direct quote Describe someone else’s idea, paraphrased into your own words Explain someone’s research findings, paraphrased into your own words All items in the References list should have corresponding places in the text where you note the information source. See an example here of how to cite sources in text. [Leave plenty of silence so that the audience has time to read the example!]

Chicago Format for Citing Sources within the Text Chicago Style It is often the case that an “organization or agent must make a choice that will affect the choices of some other people” (Thaler and Sunstein 2003, 175). For example, Thaler and Sunstein (2003, 175) give the example of a company’s cafeteria director, who knows that where she places the food impacts what people purchase, and therefore whether people choose more or less healthy options. Organizations can also impact people’s choices based on which item they set as the default: researchers have found that designating an item as the default option (from which people can opt-out if they choose) increases the selection of that item compared to if people need to opt-in to have it (Johnson and Goldstein 2003; Thaler, Sunstein, and Balz 2012). Unlike APA style, Chicago style cites page numbers within the text. Chicago style has other slight formatting differences from APA style, such as spelling out “and” rather than using an “&.” Here is an example of how to cite the same sources as in the previous slide, using Chicago style: Unlike APA style, Chicago style cites page numbers within the text, and not just in the References list, even when you are not using a direct quote.

APA Style Format for References List Author Last Name, First & Middle Initials. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle. Location: Publisher. BOOK Author Last Name, First & Middle Initials. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume number (issue number), pages. http://dx.doi.org/xx.xxx/yyyyy JOURNAL ARTICLE APA and Chicago Style are used for academic citations. Here is an example of APA style for various written sources including books, journals and blogs. Author Last Name, First & Middle Initials. (Year, Month Day). Full Title or subject entry [Blog Post]. Retrieved from [insert url] BLOG APA Style Guide (n.d.). APA Style. Retrieved June 13, 2019, from https://www.apastyle.org/

Chicago Style Format for References List Author Last Name, First Name. Title of Work. Location: Publisher, Year of publication. BOOK Author Last Name, First Name. “Title of Article.” Title of Periodical, volume number, issue number (Month and Year of publication): pages. http://doi.org/xx.xxx/xxxxxx JOURNAL ARTICLE Here is an example of Chicago style for various written sources including books, journals and blogs. Author Last Name, First Name. “Full Title or Subject Entry”, Source Blog, Month Day, Year. [insert url] BLOG The Chicago Manual of Style Online. Chicago Manual of Style. Accessed 13 June 2019. https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/home.html

With Author Without Author With Author Without Author How to Cite a Website APA Style Chicago Style With Author Without Author With Author Without Author Confusing Sourced & Original Ideas Within the text: (“Title of document,” Year) In the references list: Title of document (date). Retrieved from https://URL Within the text: (“Title of document” Year) In the references list: “Title of document.” Year. Name of website. Accessed Month Date, Year. https://URL Within the text: (Author, Year) In the references list: Author, A. (date). Title of document. Retrieved from https://URL Within the text: (Author Year) In the references list: Author Last Name, First Name. “Title of document.” Accessed Date. https://URL Don’t shift from the source to your information without a clear transition word or phrase. When citing electronic sources, use the 4 W’s framework and include the homepage URL. Don’t treat the person posting the source online as the author, unless you know this to be the case. For more information on citing electronic sources (e.g., blogs, YouTube, etc.), see the APA and Chicago style manuals.

Online Resources For more information and examples for how to cite sources, visit the websites listed below: Harvard Business School Citation Guide Publication Manual for APA Chicago Manual of Style Purdue Online Writing Lab MLA Works Cited for Electronic Sources Chicago Manual Works Cited for Web Sources Here are a list of resources that can guide you in your documentation and citation efforts. Your professors are another resource and are happy to review with you their expectations for documentation and citations in their individual classes. We hope this tutorial has been helpful in your understanding of why to cite, when to cite, how to cite and the consequences for failing to cite.