To what extent did the Big Three achieve their aims at the Treaty of Versailles? LOs: L1-3: To describe both successes and limitations for each of the Big Three leaders in achieving their aims at the Treaty of Versailles. L4-6: To weigh up the successes and limitations for each of the Big Three leaders, in order to judge overall how far they achieved their aims at the Treaty of Versailles. L7-9: To evaluate the extent to which each of the Big Three leaders achieved their aims and apply this independently to an exam question 1. http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/history/mwh/ir1/thetreaty_video.shtml

WRITE DOWN these key words and the definitions in bold: Diktat = dictated peace This was how the hated treaty was regarded by the Germans, as Germany had no say in the terms of the treaty War guilt = full responsibility for causing war Germany was made to take full responsibility for causing WWI in article 231. Reparations = fines to pay for damage caused Germany was ordered to pay £6,600 Million in reparations – this was mostly to compensate the French for the damage the war inflicted on their territory.

Who were the main leaders? Georges Clemenceau President of France. He was a fiery politician nicknamed ‘The Tiger’. David Lloyd George British Prime Minister. Lloyd George was an experienced politician. Woodrow Wilson The American President. He had brought the US into the war in 1917. 3

Georges Clemenceau I want Germany punished. They have invaded France twice in the last 50 years; they have occupied our land and burned our towns. We have suffered and the Germans have not! I want them to suffer as France has suffered. I demand that Germany face a peace that is just to France and leaves Germany too weak to ever threaten us again. Clemenceau

David Lloyd George Lloyd George When I was elected, I told the British public I would squeeze Germany “until the pips squeak”, but Britain needs trade to recover from the war. The Germans must be punished, but not so much that we can’t trade with them. And what about the Bolshevik threat? If we make the Germans too poor, they could be attracted towards Bolshevism. We don’t want a revolution in Germany. There needs to be a balance for peace to work. Lloyd George

Woodrow Wilson Certainly, Germany needs to be punished, but the victors need to look at the issue of how to avoid war. There should be self-determination – the people of Europe, and indeed the World, should be allowed to rule themselves rather than being the subjects of great empires. And there can be no more ‘old alliances’ – there needs to be a League of Nations to solve international disputes. This will be my legacy. Wilson

Task: So what was agreed? As you watch the clip, complete the T or F activity. I will give you one minute at the end. Stick it in. http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/history/mwh/ir1/thetreaty_video.shtml 0:39 0:40 0:38 0:42 0:43 0:37 0:41 0:35 0:32 0:31 0:33 0:34 0:44 0:36 0:46 0:54 0:53 0:55 0:56 0:58 0:57 0:52 0:51 0:47 0:30 0:48 0:49 0:50 0:45 0:28 0:09 0:08 0:10 0:11 0:13 0:12 0:07 0:06 0:01 End 0:02 0:03 0:05 0:04 0:14 0:15 0:24 0:23 0:25 0:26 0:59 0:27 0:22 0:21 0:17 0:16 0:18 0:19 0:20 0:29 1:00 1:41 1:40 1:42 1:43 1:45 1:44 1:39 1:38 1:33 1:32 1:34 1:35 1:37 1:36 1:46 1:47 1:56 1:55 1:57 1:58 2:00 1:59 1:54 1:53 1:49 1:48 1:50 1:51 1:52 1:31 1:30 1:10 1:09 1:11 1:12 1:14 1:13 1:08 1:07 1:03 1:02 1:04 1:05 1:06 1:15 1:16 1:25 1:24 1:26 1:27 1:29 1:28 1:23 1:22 1:18 1:17 1:19 1:20 1:21 1:01

What differences can you see?

Germany The Polish corridor vital to give Poland access to the sea, Alsace Lorraine Germany Rhineland the border with France The Polish corridor vital to give Poland access to the sea, but splits Germany in 2. Saar – Germany’s Industrial heartland

How could you remember the key terms of the Treaty of Versailles? B L __ M __ NFAIR LAME (Article 231) EPARATIONS RMY ERRITORY (Land)

Main task: So what was agreed and why did Germany hate the Treaty of Versailles? Explain how the Allies punished Germany in the Treaty using ‘U BRAT’ or copying and completing the gap fill. 2. What do the following terms mean & how did they apply to the Weimar Government? a. Diktat b. November Criminals c. Stabbed in the Back 3. Why did Germany hate the Treaty of Versailles? Read the reasons below and match them to the correct explanation Challenge: Do you think the terms were too harsh? Or not harsh enough? Do you think they can all be enforced?

Challenge: Do you think the terms were too harsh? Or not harsh enough? 3. Why did Germany hate the Treaty of Versailles? Read the reasons below and match them to the correct explanation Description   Explanation War Guilt: The treaty put total responsibility for the war on Germany. This was called the ‘War Guilt Clause’. German-speaking people were scattered, some found themselves in newly formed countries like Czechoslovakia. It was also humiliating losing land they had previously owned or won in war. Land: There were massive territorial losses, e.g. The Sudetenland, Alsace-Lorraine and ‘the Polish Corridor’. They were also forbidden from ever reuniting with Austria. Germany was economically ruined from war. How could Germany recover from the war if they had to pay this? They couldn’t keep up with payments. The government panicked and started to print out paper money rather than tax people to pay the debt. This led to hyperinflation, where the value of money becomes worthless. By 1923, a loaf of bread cost over 2 million German marks (their currency, like the £ or $) and people had to carry their wages home in wheelbarrows! Demilitarisation: There were harsh military restrictions e.g. only allowed 100,000 men in the army and their navy could only have 6 battleships. They also forbid Germany from ever having soldiers in the Rhineland, the border area with France. Germans felt that they were blamed because they had lost. They did not feel that they should take all of the blame for starting the war, as many other countries had a responsibility too. Germany was not allowed at the peace conference, so they had no say in the resulting treaty. It was seen as a diktat (dictated peace). Reparations: Germany was made to pay 6,600 million pounds to the Allies to help them rebuild their war-town countries. France got the majority of this money. They felt unfairly excluded from negotiations with other countries. They had been left out of international politics. League of Nations: Germany was not allowed to join This was humiliating. The military was a symbol of German pride and they had been stripped of it. Soldiers resented this the most. They felt bitter that they had had to disarm when other countries had not been made to do this. Empire: All of Germany’s colonies were taken away. Germany could no longer rely on trade with its Empire, further damaging their economy. It was also humiliating. Challenge: Do you think the terms were too harsh? Or not harsh enough? Do you think they can all be enforced?

How would you tackle this Q? Source A is critical of the Treaty of Versailles. How do you know? Explain your answer using Source A and your own knowledge. (4 marks) A cartoon from the German satirical magazine, Simplissimus, 3 June 1919. How would you tackle this Q? Where is the first place in your book that you should look. Prize for the first person to get this right!

Supported Inference = One thing you can see/quote from the source and what this shows or suggests (what you can guess at). Content Knowledge = Support with own knowledge S - The source shows/says… [quote/description] I - This suggests… [make an inference] CK - Indeed I know that… [use knowledge to explain]    Paragraph 2 = PROVENENCE = NOPE Nature – what type of source is this? Origin – when and how was it taken? Purpose – Why was it taken? Evaluate - How does this affect the source? Try to support with own knowledge here too. N - The source is … [WHAT – e.g. propaganda] O - ..written/created by … when[WHO,WHEN] P ….with the purpose of….. [WHY] E …..and therefore this would affect the source because….. The source shows a semi-naked hand-bound prisoner, representing Germany, being executed by guillotine, with the Big Three conducting the execution, led by Clemenceau. This implies that the Big Three have humiliated the German government and got their way to destroy Germany, Clemenceau in particular. It suggests that Germany is powerless to resist and vulnerable. Indeed I know that Germany was not allowed to attend the peace conference and were humiliated by the Treaty’s terms. For example, the treaty took 13% of their land, forced them to pay reparations (£6.6 billion). The most humiliating aspect of the treaty was the War Guilt clauses, article 231, which made them take sole responsibility for the war. So the suggestion in the source is valid. The source is a cartoon, created by a German artist for a German newspaper just before the treaty was signed. This would have therefore been created to appeal to a German audience, so would reflect German people’s feelings of anger and humiliation at the time. It might also be an attempt to persuade the government NOT to sign the treaty. This is why it is exaggerated for effect, as cartoons usually are, so Germany is represented as the victim and the Big Three as the persecutors, an extreme interpretation of the treaty to shock people.

1) Source A is critical of the Treaty of Versailles. How do you know

Supported Inference = One thing you can see/quote from the source and what this shows or suggests (what you can guess at). Content Knowledge = Support with own knowledge S - The source shows … [quote/description]   I - This suggests… [make an inference] CK - Indeed I know that… [use knowledge to explain]  Paragraph 2 = PROVENENCE = NOPE Nature – what type of source is this? Origin – when and how was it taken? Purpose – Why was it taken? Evaluate - How does this affect the source? Try to support with own knowledge here too. N - The source is … [WHAT – e.g. propaganda] O - ..written/created by … when[WHO,WHEN] P ….with the purpose of….. [WHY] E …..and therefore this would affect the source because…../This is why….. / This explains why…../ Therefore ……

Developed analysis of the source content and/or provenance. 1) Source A is critical of the Treaty of Versailles. How do you know? [4] Level How to gain this level Marks 1 Simple analysis of the source based on content and/or provenance. Identify features of the cartoon. Support with simple factual knowledge. 1-2 2 Developed analysis of the source content and/or provenance. Explain features of the cartoon. Support with factual knowledge relating to the source. 3-4

Supported Inference = One thing you can see/quote from the source and what this shows or suggests (what you can guess at). Content Knowledge = Support with own knowledge S - The source shows … [quote/description]   I - This suggests… [make an inference] CK - Indeed I know that… [use knowledge to explain]  Paragraph 2 = PROVENENCE = NOPE Nature – what type of source is this? Origin – when and how was it taken? Purpose – Why was it taken? Evaluate - How does this affect the source? Try to support with own knowledge here too. N - The source is … [WHAT – e.g. propaganda] O - ..written/created by … when[WHO,WHEN] P ….with the purpose of….. [WHY] E …..and therefore this would affect the source because…../This is why….. / This explains why…../ Therefore …… A child labelled ‘1940 class’, the cartoonist is suggesting the Treaty of Versailles will cause another war in the near future and that the child who is young in 1919 will be fighting needlessly (‘future cannon fodder’) by 1940.

Developed analysis of the source content and/or provenance. I can tell that the source opposes the Treaty of Versailles because the Big Four have been made to look uncaring and therefore the cartoonist is blaming them for the potential consequences of the Treaty. By drawing the child labelled ‘1940 class’, the cartoonist is suggesting the the Treaty of Versailles will cause another war in the near future and that the child who is young in 1919 will be fighting needlessly (‘future cannon fodder’) by 1940. Although the cartoonist doesn't say which terms he thinks may cause war, he could be suggesting that any of them were harsh (clause 231 – war guilt, clauses 232 – reparations, polish corridor etc) Lloyd George himself made a similar prediction that because of the Treaty, Britain would be fighting ‘another war in 25 years time’. Source A: A British cartoon from 13th May 1919. The men are Clemenceau, Lloyd George, Wilson and Orlando (of Italy); Clemenceau is saying ‘curious, I seem to hear a child weeping’ ; the child is labelled ‘1940 class’ and ‘fodder’ means food. Level How to gain this level Marks 1 Simple analysis of the source based on content and/or provenance. Identify features of the cartoon. Support with simple factual knowledge. 1-2 2 Developed analysis of the source content and/or provenance. Explain features of the cartoon. Support with factual knowledge relating to the source. 3-4

1) Source A is critical of the Treaty of Versailles. How do you know

Q1) Source A criticises the Big Three and Treaty of Versailles Q1) Source A criticises the Big Three and Treaty of Versailles? How do you know?

How do I interpret this cartoon? Task two: Stick in your image and annotate (label) what you see and can infer using the 3 questions below: What can you see happening in the cartoon? What can you infer(guess) about what the cartoonist meant? What do you know that shows the cartoonist is accurate (true) in what he/she is suggesting? Be specific. Nature, Origin and Purpose– Who and why might someone have created this? What type of source is this and how does this affect their portrayal?

What is happening in the picture? A young girl, beautiful but poorly. An evil-looking vampire... … which is sucking the girl’s blood Weapons laid aside. Two bats outside the window – more vampires. The window is open – the curtains are blowing.

Inferences – What does he mean? Germany Clemenceau taking reparations Germany’s army had been disbanded by the Treaty of Versailles. Britain and America Germany is helpless to defend herself and vulnerable to attack. Two more bats Window open Vampire Poorly girl Sucking blood Discarded weapons

Content knowledge – How do you know? Germany had just been defeated in WWI. The Treaty of Versailles was signed on 28th June 1919. It had been written by the ‘Big Three’ and imposed on Germany, who were not allowed to attend the conference. Clemenceau wanted to ruin Germany most of all because most of the fighting had taken place in France. The Treaty blamed Germany for the war in Article 231. The Treaty made her pay ‘reparations’ for ALL the damage. This was £6.6billion / £6,600 million / 132 gold marks. Germany lost 13% of land, including border areas (The Rhineland, Polish Corridor and the Sudetenland) and key industrial producing areas such as The Saar. Germany lost her armed forces (100,000 men, no conscription, air force, tanks of submarines, only 6 battleships) and so was vulnerable to attack. The Germans hated the Treaty, saw it as a ‘Diktat’.

NOPE Nature – political cartoon Origin – German point of view Purpose – to evoke sympathy for how unfairly Germans were treaty and to stop the government from agreeing to the Treaty. Evaluate – subjective (one-sided) and therefore exaggerated

Supported Inference = One thing you can see/quote from the source and what this shows or suggests (what you can guess at). Content Knowledge = Support with own knowledge S - The source shows … [quote/description]   I - This suggests… [make an inference] CK - Indeed I know that… [use knowledge to explain]  Paragraph 2 = PROVENENCE = NOPE Nature – what type of source is this? Origin – when and how was it taken? Purpose – Why was it taken? Evaluate - How does this affect the source? Try to support with own knowledge here too. N - The source is … [WHAT – e.g. propaganda] O - ..written/created by … when[WHO,WHEN] P ….with the purpose of….. [WHY] E …..and therefore this would affect the source because…../This is why….. / This explains why…../ Therefore …… …the image of Clemenceau the vampire sucking the blood (reparations and land) out of the defenceless woman, who represents Germany. The window is left open to show that Germany was now vulnerable to attack because of its depleted army and land taken from its borders. …that the German public felt that the Treaty would cripple them both economically and militarily, and that the harsh terms had been pushed for by Clemenceau. Germany would feel vulnerable as their army was limited to 100,000 men, they lost 13% of their land and were forced to pay £6.6 billion in reparations, all of which crippled their economy and helped to cause hyperinflation in 1923. Also, we know that Clemenceau felt that the Treaty had not gone far enough in punishing Germany; he wanted the Rhineland to be given to France for example. Lloyd George on the other hand did agree that the Treaty was too harsh and predicted that it would lead to another war in 25 years time. …..a Germany newspaper published shortly after the Treaty was signed, with the one-sided aim of evoking sympathy for the severity of the terms and showing German anger. As a cartoon in a German newspaper, we can assume it would reflect public opinion at the time. This is why Germany is exaggerated as weak and defenceless, the dying victim of Clemenceau's evil.

…unfair and crippling Germany both economically and militarily. C = Content (2 x PEE) ( - The content of the source makes it useful because it suggests that Germany thought that the Treaty of Versailles was… S - I can see this from …. P - This is useful to a historian studying….. because ……….. E - This fits with my contextual knowledge because I further know that.... E - This makes it useful because… P - However, the source is limited because it does not show….. E - From my knowledge of the context of the period, I know that…… E - So this makes the source limited for telling us about /showing ……. because…..   O = Origin and P = Purpose (2 x PEE) P - The origin and purpose of the source can also make it useful because it was created by…………… for the purpose of.............. E – Indeed I know that / This is why in the source….. E - This would help a historian understand …… / This therefore would reflect …. P – However, the provenance of the source also makes it limited because….. E – Therefore this would be less useful because…..  E= EVALUATE in conclusion, referring to the ENQUIRY and compare Thus, SOURCE …… IS MORE / LESS USEFUL THAN …… to a historian studying….. because ….. Repeat COPE for second source …unfair and crippling Germany both economically and militarily. …the image of Clemenceau the vampire sucking the blood (reparations and land) out of the defenceless woman, who represents Germany. The window is left open to show that Germany was now vulnerable to attack because of its depleted army and land taken from its borders. ….reactions to the Treaty of Versailles because it shows how angry the German public were about the severity of the terms. For example, I know that their army was limited to 100,000 men, they lost 13% of their land and were forced to pay £6.6 billion in reparations, all of which crippled their economy. This makes it useful for explaining German reactions. ..... Other countries’ reactions or opinions of the Treaty. ..... Clemenceau felt that the Treaty had not gone far enough in punishing Germany; he wanted the Rhineland to be given to France for example. Lloyd George on the other hand did agree that the Treaty was too harsh and predicted that it would lead to another war in 25 years time. ….other countries’ criticisms of the Treaty, for example it seems to suggest that Britain was supportive of France, represented by the bat in the window, when we know that this was not entirely the case. …..a Germany newspaper shortly after the Treaty was signed, with the aim of evoking sympathy for the severity of the terms and showing German anger. This is why Germany is exaggerated as weak and defenceless, the dying victim of Clemenceau's evil. This is useful because it’s a newspaper and therefore would reflect German public opinion at the time quite accurately. Newspapers wouldn’t publish things that the public would not agree with. …..it is one-sided. This is why aspects of the Treaty have been exaggerated in the source, in terms of good versus evil. This makes it less useful because it does not reflect any other point of view outside of Germany and is therefore subjective.

How far do you agree with this statement? “Clemenceau was the least satisfied of the Big Three by the Treaty of Versailles”. How far do you agree with this statement? Agree Strongly Agree You cannot sit on the fence! Disagree Strongly Disagree

Q4 – How far do you agree? “Clemenceau was the least satisfied of the Big Three by the Treaty of Versailles”. “The main cause of German dissatisfaction with the peace settlement was reparations payments.” Task – using model answers: Create four revision cards that summarise each paragraph and the conclusion – note down key facts.