Native Edibles: Cooking on the Wild Side Tamara Walkingstick, Ph.D. UA Division of Agriculture Arkansas Forest Resources Center

Introduction Wild Edible Plants What’s Native? Native plants Non-native Resources

Why Wild Edibles? Connects people to the environment Much more interesting than tree id., esp. for kids Can tie together culture, plant study, & history Also connects w/different audiences including MG’s, kids, older adults, environmentalists, teachers, libraries, schools, etc.

Teaches about Trees Tree & Plant Id. Compound vs. Simple leaf Deciduous vs. Coniferous http://www.cnr.vt.edu/dendro/dendrology/main.htm So Identification is Key!

Leaf Arrangement

Name that Tree! Alternate Leaf Lobed Leaves No Hairs Fruit is an Acorn What is it?

Name That Tree!!! Opposite Leaves Simple Leaf Fruit is a samara

What is a Native Plant? First define “Native” Some Controversy over definition 1) Anything that’s been here awhile 2) Anything here prior to European settlement Native: “Existing in or belonging to one by nature; Growing, living, or produced originally in a certain place” Webster’s II New Riverside University Dictionary

Why “Native”? More suited to environment Adapted to soils, temperatures, & rainfall Require less irrigation & fertilization More resistant to insects & diseases Native trees usually not too invasive Conserves native vegetation Planting “native” helps & educates

A Few Natives Oaks Hackberry Sassafras Black Walnut Hickory Persimmon Eastern Redbud Paw Paw Honeylocust Pines Elderberry Sumac Jerusalem Artichoke Pokeweed Sunflower Spiderwort Prickly Pear Spider-Flower Greenbrier Yucca Sweet Goldenrod Violets May Apple Others

Oaks: Quercus sps. Several Species Size varies by Sps. (75 – 100 Ft) Two families: white & red All are edible but White oak is better Good Shade Fall Color Relatively fast growing Very adaptable Acorns are edible

Hackberry: Celtis occidentalis Rapid growth Medium sized: 40 to 60 ft. Very adaptable Drought, wind, & pollution tolerant Berries are edible in Fall Use berries to make syrup, pemmican, etc

Sassafras: Sassafras albidum Moderate to rapid growth Good fall color Medium sized: 60 – 80 ft. Interesting leaves Wildlife attractant Roots & leaves for tea & spice 1st crop of colonies Used medicinally

Black Walnut Juglans nigra Valuable wood Likes deep soil Large, difficult to crack nuts Alleopathic Hulls used for dye & “fishing”

Hickory: Carya sps. Several species Member of the Walnut family Very tasty nuts Very difficult to crack Important for many SE tribes Used just like a pecan Avoid Bitternut Hickory

Eastern Redbud: Cercis canadensis Widely spread Purple-pink flowers Use flowers in salads Can use green seed pods as a veggie Twigs used to make baskets

PawPaw: Asimina triloba Prefers moist sites Good butterfly tree Interesting fruit “Vanishing” native Fruit can be used in ice cream, bread, jam, popsicles Taste like a banana sort of… http://www.ohiopawpaw.com/

Honeylocust: Gleditsia triacanthos var. Thornless cultivars available Sturdy, withstands bad conditions Fruit pod has sticky substance inside Can be used to make a drink Used to make beer in 1600’s

Pines Pinus Species Native to Arkansas All have edible nuts Shortleaf Pine Loblolly Pine All have edible nuts Best are Pinon, Digger, & Sugar Pines Large, fast growing Young growth can be used as a “tea”

Common Persimmon Diospyros virginiana Name means “fruit of the Gods” One of best wild fruits – when ripe Invades pastures Need male & female trees Important wildlife food

Elderberry: Sambucus canadensis Rich, Moist site Shrubby Opposite, compound leaves Deep Purple fruit Can be mistaken with water hemlock Makes good jelly, fritters, and wine

Pokeweed: Phytolacca americana Woodland margins Disturbed sites Used as food, medicine, ink, dye Toxic but can eat it Indians introduced it to colonists Prevented scurvy

Sumac: Rhus sps. Common on roadsides, pastures, fence rows Several species are edible: Smooth, Staghorn, Aromatic: all have red berries Poison sumac and ivy have WHTIE berries Make lemonade of berries

Sunflower: Helianthus annuus Domesticated by Indians Cultivated for over 3,000 years Increased seed size by 1,000% Part of belief system of several tribes © James L. Reveal USDA, NRCS

Jerusalem Artichoke: (Helianthus tuberosus L. Same family as sunflower Large, edible knobby root Can grow to 12 feet tall Grows aggressively Cultivated by Native Americans Dig roots in winter or early Spring Use like potato: raw can create tummy upset

Spiderwort: Tradescantia occidentalis Roadsides: sandy soil Perennial to about 20 inches tall Used as food by Cherokees Young stems and leaves as pot herb Flowers in salads Flowers in early summer © William S. Justice

Spider-Flower: Cleome serrulata Nice crown shape Somewhat invasive Attracts butterflies Young plant used as food Seed can be used Plant boiled to make paint

Prickly Pear: Opuntia phaeacantha Rocky or Sandy soils Showy Flowers Fruit & pads are edible Plant can be invasive Good for droughty areas & soils Native to Arkansas

Greenbrier: Smilax sps. Common “weed” of woodlands, roadside, clearings, fields Native to Arkansas Can be very invasive Young tendrils and shoots are edible…tastes like asparagus Best served raw

Yucca: Yucca arkansana Native to central South US & AR Usually dry, sandy soils Has been planted a lot Young flower stalks, flowers & buds Fibers used as well for weaving Leaves for soap

Sweet Goldenrod: Solidago odora Fall blooming perennial Grows in E. US on sandy soils Leaves have licorice odor & taste Use as tea & as a dye Used as substitute for tea during Amer. Revolution

Violets: Viola species Edges of Woods, rich soils, meadows, roadsides Blooms in early Spring Leaves heart-shaped Edible flowers are the blue flowered variety Leaves & flowers edible

May Apple: Podophyllum peltatum Rich deciduous woods, moist shaded roadsides Occurs in large colonies Plant is toxic except for RIPE fruit Takes 7 years to produce a single fruit Used medicinally Photo by Dave Schilling

Other Edible Plants NATIVE Sheep Sorrel Ostrich fern Bee Balm Jewel weed Spring beauty Water cress May Pop New Jersey Tea NON-NATIVE Dandelion Sour Dock Lamb’s Quarters Evening Primrose Henbit Pigweed Kudzu Day Lily

Resources Lots of books On-line resources Best to start with identification Check several sources Be 100% certain of your id & that it is edible Try different recipes Common question: can I buy this in stores Answer: not usually. That’s the point. Get out there & forage

Summary Native trees & plants have a great natural history Even “weeds” can have value Know your plants before you try any edible Thank you to Billy Joe Tatum and others