Peter J. Barnes, DM, DSc, FRCP 

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New directions in allergic diseases: Mechanism-based anti-inflammatory therapies  Peter J. Barnes, DM, DSc, FRCP  Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology  Volume 106, Issue 1, Pages 5-16 (July 2000) DOI: 10.1067/mai.2000.107930 Copyright © 2000 Mosby, Inc. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 Inhibition of cytokine synthesis. Several strategies are available to inhibit the production or effects of cytokines. Reprinted by permission from Nature Supplement 402:B31-8, copyright 1999 Macmillan Magazines Ltd. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2000 106, 5-16DOI: (10.1067/mai.2000.107930) Copyright © 2000 Mosby, Inc. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 Inhibition of eosinophilic inflammation. Several strategies are possible to inhibit eosinophil inflammation in tissues, including immunomodulators, inhibitors of driving cytokines (IL-4 and IL-5), inhibition of critical adhesion molecules (VLA-4, selectins, and intercellular adhesion molecule 1), blockade of chemokine receptors on eosinophils (CCR3), and induction of apoptosis. MCP, Monocyte chemoattractant protein. Reprinted by permission from Nature Supplement 402:B31-8, copyright 1999 Macmillan Magazines Ltd. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2000 106, 5-16DOI: (10.1067/mai.2000.107930) Copyright © 2000 Mosby, Inc. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 3 Inhibition of antigen-presenting cells and TH2 lymphocytes. Therapies are based on inhibition of co-stimulatory molecules (B7-2, CD28) and inhibition of IgE-driven antigen-presenting cells, nonselective immunomodulators, or cytokines that tip the balance away from TH1 cells toward TH2 cells (IFN-α, IL-12, and IL-18). TCR, T-cell receptor. Reprinted by permission from Nature Supplement 402:B31-8, copyright 1999 Macmillan Magazines Ltd. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2000 106, 5-16DOI: (10.1067/mai.2000.107930) Copyright © 2000 Mosby, Inc. Terms and Conditions