14.3 Progress in Science and Technology Pg. 251-255

Science Major discoveries occurred during this time period. Physics, chemistry, and microbiology experienced great advances.

James Clerk Maxwell James Clerk Maxwell, a Scottish scientist made major advances in physics and astronomy. He predicted the existence of radio waves before their discovery. Perhaps his greatest contribution is combining electricity, magnetism, and optics into one model. Scientists like Albert Einstein built on Maxwell’s model.

Louis Pasteur Louis Pasteur, a French chemist made many important discoveries that prevented several diseases. He developed a method of heating milk and other liquids in order to slow the development of disease-causing microbes. We call this process pasteurization.

Louis Pasteur Pasteur also made a massive contribution to science when he proved that spontaneous generation is a myth. He placed some sugar and yeast into a a flask and heated it. If the theory was correct, some basic life form should have came from it.

Charles Darwin Charles Darwin, was born into a Unitarian family. He was very interested in nature as a child. At the University of Edinburgh, he studied medicine and in his free time continued to learn about nature.

Charles Darwin His classes bored him, so his father sent him to the University of Cambridge to be a pastor. Darwin gave up on this as well. In 1831, he sailed on a 5 year voyage. This trip caused him to question whether or not creatures change over time.

Charles Darwin He also couldn’t understand how God could create a world full of suffering and pain. He concluded that God had little to do with creation or the world. The death of his 10 year old daughter proved this point to him. Darwin’s observations, combined with this conclusion, provided the basis of his evolution theory.

Charles Darwin His theory assumed a natural explanation for man’s origins. He believed that all living things came from a single life form. He wrote “Origins of Species” in 1859 and ”The Decent of Man” 1871, leading to changes in the direction of science. Scientists began using his theory and disregarding God and the Bible.

Do Christianity and Evolution Mix? Pg. 252

Technology Inventive minds continued to develop improved methods of transportation and communication. Society began replacing God with science and human achievement. Improvements in technology increased man’s confidence and reduced their faith in God.

Technology: Railroads Britain developed the first known railroad system. Initially several railroads operated on short routes. During the 1840s, these routes were combined into a national network. Technology: Railroads

Technology: Railroads This allowed Britain to transport good and people across Britain, and later the rest of Europe. Railroads could operate year round, canals couldn’t. America would import their first locomotives from Britain and gradually create their own railroad system. Technology: Railroads

Technology: Railroads Railroads were used during the Civil War. America created the first transcontinental railroad in 1869. This became a vital aspect in America colonizing the west. Technology: Railroads

Technology – Steamship After the development of the steam engine, inventors began searching for a way to create a steamship. In the beginning, wind powered ships could go faster, however with the use of Watt’s steam engine, the steamships began to be much faster.

Technology – Steamship Steamships began to replace sail- driven ships. Soon ships carrying hundreds of passengers, mail, and other items traveled between Britain and America.

Technology – Internal Combustion Engine The internal combustion engine produced power from inside the engine. Powered by gasoline or diesel, this engine revolutionized transportation. Automobiles developed from these engines. Henry Ford took the automobile and made it an essential party of mobility in the U.S. and the rest of the world.

Mankind had been interested in flight for a very long time. Wilbur and Orville Wright, two brothers who owned a bike shop in Ohio built the first successful airplane. Technology – Flight

On the beach of Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, the Wright brothers made their fist successful flight on December 17, 1903. Technology – Flight

Communication The telegraph and the telephone laid the foundation for global communication. Messages that used to take weeks to send and receive, were now available instantly. Not all the consequences were positive however.

The world telegraph combines two Greek words The world telegraph combines two Greek words. tele (far) and graphein (to write). The telegraph made it possible to write messages to loved ones who were far away. Operators sent the first message over wire lines using a code developed by Samuel Morse. Telegraph

In 1837, Morse patented the first known machine that sent this messages. By 1861, these machines were all over the country. By 1866 the first successful telegraph cable was laid across the Atlantic Ocean. This allowed messages to be sent from America to Europe. Telegraph

Telegraph By 1870, Britain had a submarine line to India. Within a few years, telegraphs could be sent all over the world. Telegraph

Telephone combines tele with another Greek word, phone (voice). Alexander Graham Bell was the first to patent it. The great inventor Thomas Edison also worked to improve this invention. Telephone

Telephone Edison had lost most of his hearing when he was a child. He made improvements to Bell’s phone that enabled people to hear more clearly. Telephone

14.3 Section Quiz