WORLD CITIES SURVEY DATA OCTOBER 2008

Hong Kong – October 2008 Hong Kong – October 2008 New York – July 2010 New York – July 2010 London – November 2012 London – November 2012 Managing World Cities Conference Schedule

Hong Kong Population: 6,994,500 Population: 6,994,500 Under 35 years: 42% Under 35 years: 42% Median Household Income (HK$): 207,000 Median Household Income (HK$): 207,000 Source: 2006 Census

New York Population: 19,306,183 Population: 19,306,183 Under 18 years: 23.4% Under 18 years: 23.4% Median Household Income (HK$): 351,807 Median Household Income (HK$): 351,807 Source: 2004 & 2006 Census

London Population: 7,657,300 Population: 7,657,300 Under 16 years: 19.2% Under 16 years: 19.2% Median Household Income (HK$): 302,223 Median Household Income (HK$): 302,223 Source: 2007 UK National Statistics Online

Why Managing World Cities? Research to date focused on defining, characterising, and ranking world or global cities Research to date focused on defining, characterising, and ranking world or global cities Research is driven by geography, regional studies, urban planning: has a strong focus on understanding and interpreting processes of globalization Research is driven by geography, regional studies, urban planning: has a strong focus on understanding and interpreting processes of globalization We propose a shift in attention to processes of policy, management and governance: We propose a shift in attention to processes of policy, management and governance: How do we manage world cities? How do we manage world cities? What policy challenges do they bring? What policy challenges do they bring? What governance arrangements work? What governance arrangements work? We are interested in these questions within and between cities: We are interested in these questions within and between cities: Are the challenges similar in different cities? Are the challenges similar in different cities? Do the challenges vary by city? Do the challenges vary by city? The study seeks to build upon an evidence-based approach or on what works The study seeks to build upon an evidence-based approach or on what works

Survey Data Data Web survey of key informants in Hong Kong, London, New York Web survey of key informants in Hong Kong, London, New York Posed 8 questions: 3 closed (1-7 Likert and ranking) and 5 open Posed 8 questions: 3 closed (1-7 Likert and ranking) and 5 open Measures Measures Q1 The below items have been identified in various research reports as key characteristics of world cities. Can you please indicate if you consider: Q1 The below items have been identified in various research reports as key characteristics of world cities. Can you please indicate if you consider: a)These items to be as general characteristics of world cities in general b)That your city (Hong Kong/London/New York) displays these characteristics Characteristics - 30 items drawn from studies on World or Global Cities research e.g.: Globalization and World Cities Research Network at Loughborough University Characteristics - 30 items drawn from studies on World or Global Cities research e.g.: Globalization and World Cities Research Network at Loughborough University

Survey Q3 Managing world cities is a complex and demanding task. The governance framework for world city management is coordinated by government (at the city level). Below is a list of policy issues likely to be faced by world cities. We would like to know: Q3 Managing world cities is a complex and demanding task. The governance framework for world city management is coordinated by government (at the city level). Below is a list of policy issues likely to be faced by world cities. We would like to know: a)if these are current policy challenges facing your city today b)if they are a priority in your city in 2008 The top challenges/priorities were sub-divided in the following categories (with sub-categories): The top challenges/priorities were sub-divided in the following categories (with sub-categories): Human Capital Human Capital Policy Processes Policy Processes Quality of Life Quality of Life Sustainable Development Sustainable Development World City World City City Governance City Governance

Survey Q4 asked respondents to rank the main five challenges over the next three to five years Q4 asked respondents to rank the main five challenges over the next three to five years The final questions were open ended: The final questions were open ended: 5.Within each of the five broad managing world city policy areas you have ranked above, are there specific sub-sector challenges that you face? If so could you briefly outline what these are? 6.What do you consider to be the main enablers to meeting these managing world cities challenges in your city? 7.What do you consider to be the main obstacles to meeting these managing world cities challenges in your city? 8.Finally, are their other issues you would like to bring to our attention? Are they key characteristics of world cities that you think we have overlooked? Are they priorities we have not highlighted or challenges we have not alluded to?

Characteristics of a World City: Top 5 Items 1.Major Intl Airport 2.Telecom Network 3.Airline Network 4.Cultural Scene-film festival 5.World Renowned Cultural Facilities Hong Kong New York London 1.World Renowned Cultural Facilities 2.Major Intl Airport 3.Cultural Scene-film festival 4.Large Population 5.Major Tourist Destination 1.World Renowned Cultural Facilities 2.Major Intl Airport 3.Cultural Scene-film festival 4.Major Finance Capacity - GDP 5.Major Tourist Destination

26.Site of Intl Sporting Events 27.World Class Sport Facilities 28.Large Population 29.Large Number of US$ Billionaires 30.Manufacturing Hong Kong New York London 26.Distinctive Skyline 27.Site of Intl Sporting Events 28.World Class Sport Facilities 29.Manufacturing 30.Large Number of US$ Billionaires Characteristics of a World City: Bottom 5 Items 26.Headquarters for Intl Political Org. 27.Stock Exchange 28.Freight Networks 29.Manufacturing 30.Large Number of US$ Billionaires

Characteristics: Hong Kong Differences between characteristics of a world city and your city: significant differences for 20 of the 30 items Differences between characteristics of a world city and your city: significant differences for 20 of the 30 items For 18 items Hong Kongers rated characteristics below those of a world city in general For 18 items Hong Kongers rated characteristics below those of a world city in general Hong Kong was above the average world city for: Hong Kong was above the average world city for: Large Population Large Population Quality of Food Quality of Food Based on the differences between characteristics of a world city and your city Hong Kong displays Business, Infrastructure and Logistics world city characteristics Based on the differences between characteristics of a world city and your city Hong Kong displays Business, Infrastructure and Logistics world city characteristics

Characteristics: London Differences between characteristics of a world city and your city: significant differences for 18 of the 30 items Differences between characteristics of a world city and your city: significant differences for 18 of the 30 items Of those differences, Londoners thought their city was above the average world city on all 18 items. Of those differences, Londoners thought their city was above the average world city on all 18 items. They were farthest above on : They were farthest above on : Stock Exchange Stock Exchange Number of US$ Billionaires Number of US$ Billionaires Based on the differences between characteristics of a world city and your city London displays Business and Heritage world city characteristics Based on the differences between characteristics of a world city and your city London displays Business and Heritage world city characteristics

Characteristics: New York Differences between characteristics of a world city and your city: significant differences for 19 of the 30 items Differences between characteristics of a world city and your city: significant differences for 19 of the 30 items For New Yorkers they rated their city above the characteristics for 18 items For New Yorkers they rated their city above the characteristics for 18 items New York rated Manufacturing below world city characteristic New York rated Manufacturing below world city characteristic Similar to London, they were farthest above on : Similar to London, they were farthest above on : Stock Exchange Stock Exchange Number of US$ Billionaires Number of US$ Billionaires Based on the differences between characteristics of a world city and your city New York displays culture, Business and Human Capital world city characteristics Based on the differences between characteristics of a world city and your city New York displays culture, Business and Human Capital world city characteristics

Differences Within Perceptions of World Cities Clear city differences: Clear city differences: London and New York respondents believe their city is significantly above the notion of a world city London and New York respondents believe their city is significantly above the notion of a world city Hong Kong respondents believe their city is far below the world city standard Hong Kong respondents believe their city is far below the world city standard In many instances the people in Hong Kong have higher standards for what a world city ought to be than the people in London and to a less extent New York. For example: In many instances the people in Hong Kong have higher standards for what a world city ought to be than the people in London and to a less extent New York. For example: Large population Large population Stock exchange Stock exchange Technological infrastructure Technological infrastructure Quality of life Quality of life Mobile workforce Mobile workforce

Future Directions: Questions The above analysis is based on a questionnaire: The above analysis is based on a questionnaire: How many of the listed items depend on others e.g. does a large population require strong transport to exist? How many of the listed items depend on others e.g. does a large population require strong transport to exist? Are there underlying constructs that span multiple survey items? Are there underlying constructs that span multiple survey items? Survey data ultimately depends on perceptions of status. How important is perception of status as a world city compared to observable characteristics? Survey data ultimately depends on perceptions of status. How important is perception of status as a world city compared to observable characteristics? What other cities are world cities? What other cities are world cities? How long does it take to evolve into a world city? How long does it take to evolve into a world city? Can a world city lose its international status? Can a world city lose its international status?

Challenges/Priorities: Hong Kong Biggest challenges: Human Capital with other items such as Environment and Economic Stability Biggest challenges: Human Capital with other items such as Environment and Economic Stability Current main priorities: Education, Financial Centre, Regional Hub, Economic and Governance Stability Current main priorities: Education, Financial Centre, Regional Hub, Economic and Governance Stability Challenges outstrip priorities on 21 of 26 items (all except crime, Financial Centre, Regional Hub, Political and Economic Stability) Challenges outstrip priorities on 21 of 26 items (all except crime, Financial Centre, Regional Hub, Political and Economic Stability) Is the city meeting its policy priorities? Is the city meeting its policy priorities? Sub-sector issues include: Sub-sector issues include: Employment, particularly of the younger generation Employment, particularly of the younger generation Environment, air pollution and waste management Environment, air pollution and waste management Access to Education Access to Education

Enablers and Blocks: Hong Kong Facilitator and enablers of meeting world city governance challenges in Hong Kong were many and varied: Facilitator and enablers of meeting world city governance challenges in Hong Kong were many and varied: The government shall demonstrate strong management capacity after obtaining public consent in bringing out policies in the aspects of economic stability, regional hub, financial centre and educationThe government shall demonstrate strong management capacity after obtaining public consent in bringing out policies in the aspects of economic stability, regional hub, financial centre and education The strong fiscal structure as well as the legal system that enable Hong Kong to meet these challengesThe strong fiscal structure as well as the legal system that enable Hong Kong to meet these challenges Obstacles to meeting world city governance challenges in Hong Kong were typically located within government: Obstacles to meeting world city governance challenges in Hong Kong were typically located within government: …lack of governmental will, too much lobbying from the largest and richest HK companies… …Weak government - lack of a strong mandate from the people… A political leadership which is too short sighted, only looking for immediate popularity without listening to feedback and professional advicesA political leadership which is too short sighted, only looking for immediate popularity without listening to feedback and professional advices Though the environmental shocks were also seen as important: Though the environmental shocks were also seen as important: Unknown external forces, e.g. US financial stability…

Challenges/Priorities: London Biggest challenges: Human Capital with other items such as Transport, Economic Stability and Crime Biggest challenges: Human Capital with other items such as Transport, Economic Stability and Crime Current main priorities: Economic Stability, Crime and Financial centre Current main priorities: Economic Stability, Crime and Financial centre Challenges outstrip priorities in 14/26 cases and in the areas of Human Capital, Policy Processes, Quality of Life, Sustainable Development and some Governance topics Challenges outstrip priorities in 14/26 cases and in the areas of Human Capital, Policy Processes, Quality of Life, Sustainable Development and some Governance topics Sub-sectors priorities include: Sub-sectors priorities include: Economic Stability – fear of recession Economic Stability – fear of recession Crime – particularly among the youth Crime – particularly among the youth Immigration Immigration

Enablers and Blocks: London Many respondents offered multifaceted answers to questions about enablers. For example: Many respondents offered multifaceted answers to questions about enablers. For example: Economic - political and economic stability. Health - general awareness raising, attempts to join up Government. Education - levels of national investment. Environment - general awareness and political commitment. Transport - recognition of the need for change Factors inhibiting managing world city governance issues were the opposite side of the coin: Factors inhibiting managing world city governance issues were the opposite side of the coin: Transport: Funding constraints. Environment: Reluctance to invest in the short term for long term benefits. Economic stability: International openness of the UK economy could import instability from elsewhere. Governance capacity: Different agendas and objectives of diverse stakeholders. Inequality: Poor skills base of some section of the communityTransport: Funding constraints. Environment: Reluctance to invest in the short term for long term benefits. Economic stability: International openness of the UK economy could import instability from elsewhere. Governance capacity: Different agendas and objectives of diverse stakeholders. Inequality: Poor skills base of some section of the community And concerns about political leaders and governance And concerns about political leaders and governance Boris Johnson! Fragmented government across national, regional, city and local scales. Lack of political consensus and public support. Major recession leading to major public spending cuts.

Challenges/Priorities: New York Biggest challenges: Human Capital, Quality of Life, Sustainable Development, Financial Centre and Economic Stability Biggest challenges: Human Capital, Quality of Life, Sustainable Development, Financial Centre and Economic Stability Current main priorities: Education, Financial Centre, Crisis/Emergency Management and Crime Current main priorities: Education, Financial Centre, Crisis/Emergency Management and Crime Challenges outstrip priorities in 13/26 cases and in the areas of Human Capital, Policy Processes, Quality of Life and Sustainable Development Challenges outstrip priorities in 13/26 cases and in the areas of Human Capital, Policy Processes, Quality of Life and Sustainable Development Sub-sectors priorities include: Sub-sectors priorities include: Inequality between upper and middle classes Inequality between upper and middle classes Financial Crisis – dependence on finance industry Financial Crisis – dependence on finance industry Education – particularly primary and secondary Education – particularly primary and secondary

Enablers and Blocks: New York Many enablers focused on the people, resources and experiences of the city: Many enablers focused on the people, resources and experiences of the city: NYC is a city of resources, both monetary and human. For each issue that we decide is a priority we have all the tools that we need to facilitate and enable the city to meet these challenges New York is blessed with world-class institutions of higher education. The City should draw on these institutions to create solutions to its challenges. Obstacles were often seen to be located in city government: Obstacles were often seen to be located in city government: I believe that there are often bureaucratic barriers that get in the way of governments at different levels working together. I am also concerned that the current crisis in the markets will affect our ability to deal with services that cost money - like affordable housing. It seems like we are already making cuts to many of our social services and that there are more to come Rapidly declining revenue and a complex political system with a multitude of entrenched stakeholders

Top Challenges Next 3-5 years 1.Education 2.Environment 3.Economic Stability 4.Regional Hub 5.Financial Centre 6.Government Capacity 7.Strong Government Hong Kong New York London 1.Education 2.Economic Stability 3.Energy 4.Inequality 5.Transport 6.Health 7.Crisis Management 1.Health 2.Economic Stability 3.Education 4.Environment 5.Transport 6.Crisis Management 7.Financial Centre

Future Directions: Questions How do these challenges and priorities compare to your expectations? How do these challenges and priorities compare to your expectations? Are Education and Economic Stability what matter? Are Education and Economic Stability what matter? Would you expect strong or weaker relationships between challenges and priorities? Would you expect strong or weaker relationships between challenges and priorities? What interconnections do you see between these challenges and priorities? What interconnections do you see between these challenges and priorities? What blocks and enablers do you see as critical to meeting the challenges and priorities? What blocks and enablers do you see as critical to meeting the challenges and priorities?