Ethics in Practice: Guidelines and Regulations

Nuremberg Code One of the first guidelines for the ethical conduction of medical research involving human subjects 1947 – A direct response to the experiments conducted by the Nazi doctors Identified key components of ethical research design: Informed consent, benefice, absence of deceit, qualification of researchers, participant autonomy

Declaration of Helsinki World Medical Association Originally published 1964, Last rev. 2008 Expands on many of the ideas presented in the Nuremburg Code. Explains: Informed consent, risk/benefit, IRB, putting the subject/patient first, publication of results, confidentiality, etc.

Belmont Report Department of Health, Education, and Welfare - 1979 Partially in response to the Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment “Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects of Research” Defines: Practice vs. Research Respect for Persons Beneficence and Justice How to apply the guidelines

Title 45 – Section 46 Protection of Human Subjects Defines the construct and purpose of an IRB Gives detailed regulations for research involving special populations: Pregnant women and fetuses Prisoners Children

Title 45 – Section 46 IRB: Let’s look at UB’s IRB.... 5 members, diverse in characteristics and credentials One member from scientific community One member from non-scientific community One member not affiliated with the institution (or related to a member of the institution) Members may not be involved if there is a conflict of interest Experts in a particular area of study, may consult without voting ability Let’s look at UB’s IRB.... http://www.ubalt.edu/template.cfm?page=3048

IRB Process All researchers must follow their institution’s IRB process (which should incorporate Title 45- section 46 procedures) Application with explanation of research to be conducted, usually includes: Researcher information Informed consent document Instruments/Scales to be used Research procedures Evaluation of risk/benefit Debriefing documentation/methods Funding sources (if applicable) The application process must be completed at every institution involved in the research.

Special Populations Pregnant women Fetuses Prisoners Children Individuals with mental health issues

Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct APA Members a supposed to uphold the code, acceptance of membership means one accepts the code Psychologists are responsible for understanding the code Not all inclusive

APA Code of Conduct General Principles Beneficence and Nonmaleficence Fidelity and Responsibility Integrity Justice Respect for Rights and Dignity

APA Code of Conduct Section 1: Resolving Ethical Issues Section 2: Competence Section 3: Human Relations Section 4: Privacy and Confidentiality Section 5: Advertising and Public Statements Section 6: Record Keeping and Fees Section 7: Education and Training Section 8: Research and Publication Section 9: Assessment Section 10: Therapy