Incomplete Dominance Codominance Multiple Alleles In a nutshell!

Review: Dominant/Recessive One allele is dominant over the other (capable of masking the recessive allele) PP = purple Pp = purple pp = white

Review Problem: Dominant/Recessive In pea plants, purple flowers (P) are dominant over white flowers (p) show the cross between two heterozygous plants. P p GENOTYPES: - PP (1); Pp (2); pp (1) - ratio 1:2:1 P p PP Pp PHENOTYPES: Pp pp - purple (3); white (1) - ratio 3:1

Incomplete Dominance Alleles are not completely dominant over each other. Each allele is partially expressed A third (new) phenotype appears in the heterozygous condition. Flower Color in 4 O’clocks RR = red rr = white Rr = pink

Problem: Incomplete Dominance Show the cross between a pink and a white flower. GENOTYPES: R r - Rr (2); rr (2) - ratio 1:1 r rr Rr PHENOTYPES: - pink (2); white (2) - ratio 1:1

Example of Incomplete Dominance

Codominance The heterozygous condition, both alleles are expressed equally If a red rose and a white rose were crossed the flower would be both red and white.

Example of Codominance

Codominance In Humans SS = sickle cells NS = some of each Sickle Cell Anemia in Humans is an example of Codominance in Humans If a homozygous normal celled human is crossed with a homozygous sickle cell human, both types of cells will be produced. SS = sickle cells NS = some of each NN = normal cells sick

Problem: Codominance Show the cross between an individual with sickle-cell anemia and another who is a carrier but not sick. N S GENOTYPES: - NS (2) SS (2) - ratio 1:1 S NS SS PHENOTYPES: - carrier (2); sick (2) - ratio 1:1

Multiple Alleles There are more than two alleles for a trait Blood type in humans Blood Types? Type A, Type B, Type AB, Type O Blood Alleles? A, B, O (Sometimes shown as– IA, IB, I)

Rules for Blood Type A and B are codominant AA = Type A BB = Type B AB = Type AB A and B are dominant over O AO = type A BO = type B OO = type O

Problem: Multiple Alleles Show the cross between a mother who has type O blood and a father who has type AB blood. O O GENOTYPES: - AO (2) BO (2) - ratio 1:1 A B AO BO PHENOTYPES: - type A (2); type B (2) - ratio 1:1

Problem: Multiple Alleles Show the cross between a mother who is heterozygous for type B blood and a father who is heterozygous for type A blood. GENOTYPES: A O AB (1); BO (1); AO (1); OO (1) - ratio 1:1:1:1 B O AB OO BO AO PHENOTYPES: type AB (1); type B (1) type A (1); type O (1) - ratio 1:1:1:1

How common is your blood type? 46.1% 38.8% 11.1% 3.9%