Macromolecules aka Giant Molecules

Macromolecules: Are made from thousands →hundreds of thousands of smaller molecules Are formed by polymerization Making of large molecules from the joining of smaller ones Smaller units = monomers (mono – one) Larger units = polymers (poly – many)

4 Groups of Macromolecules Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

Carbohydrates: Made of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O) atoms in a ratio of 1:2:1 Functions: Living things use carbohydrates as their main source of energy Plants and some animals use carbohydrates for structure

Monosaccharides (mono = one): Smaller / simple carbohydrate Our body's primary source of energy takes the form of glucose C6H12O6 Other monosaccharide include fructose and galactose

Polysaccharides (poly = many): Are complex carbohydrates Chains of monosaccharides Ideal storage molecules for energy : they are large & fold compactly they are easily converted into the required sugars when needed Plants use to store excess sugar, and make cellulose needed for structure

Lipids: Lipids are the only macromolecule that is not a polymer Mostly made of carbon and hydrogen atoms Are formed when a glycerol molecule combines with a fatty acids

Saturated or Unsaturated: Saturated – carbon and hydrogen single bonds Solid at room temp Unsaturated –have double bonds Liquid at room temp

Lipid Structure: Glycerol Fatty acid

Important Function of Lipids: Make up biological membranes and waterproof coverings Phospholipids are the main component in cell membranes

Examples of Lipids: Fats Oils Waxes Steroids

Proteins: Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, & nitrogen Are polymers of amino acids = building blocks of proteins 20 Amino acids Each amino acid is different and therefore has its own unique properties

Protein Structure: Amino acids are compounds with: amino group on one end carboxyl group on the other end ‘R’ = where amino acid attaches Amino Carboxyl Group Group

Functions of Proteins: Are enzymes Used for storage Transport molecules Are a major component of muscles Mediate cell responses Give structural support

Nucleic Acids: Store and transmit hereditary, or genetic, information Contain hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon & phosphorus Polymers assembled from individual monomers called nucleotides 2 kinds DNA RNA

DNA / RNA Information: Long chains of nucleotides DNA RNA Double stranded Contains the genetic information of an organism organized into chromosomes RNA Single stranded Involved in protein synthesis

Nucleic Acid Structure: Three main parts: Sugar Phosphate alternating sugar & phosphate molecules = backbone 3) Nitrogenous bases are oriented in the center

RNA / DNA Structure:

Carbon Compounds Carbon Compounds Lipids Nucleic aci Proteins Lipids include Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids Proteins Carbohydrat Lipids Nucleic aci Proteins that consist of that consist of that consist of that consist of Sugars and starches Fats and oils Nucleotides Amino Acids which contain which contain which contain which contain Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Carbon,hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus hydrogen,oxygen, nitrogen,