An Introduction To Ecology

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Presentation transcript:

An Introduction To Ecology

Ecology – study of interactions between organisms and environment. Consists of abiotic (nonliving; i.e. temperature, light, etc) and biotic (living) factors.

http://www.apsnet.org/education/illustratedglossary/PhotosE-H/forestdecline.htm

Population – group of individuals of same species living in an area. Community – all organisms of all species that live in an area. Ecosystem – above plus abiotic factors. Biosphere – sum of all ecosystems.

http://people. hofstra. edu/geotrans/eng/ch8en/conc8en/img/biosphere http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch8en/conc8en/img/biosphere.gif

Distribution affected by temperature, water, sunlight, wind, and rocks and soil. Type of each will determine what can live there.

http://www.your-healthy-gardens.com/images/SoilTypes1.jpg

Temperature and water are biggest factors. Biomes – major types of ecosystems. Determined by proximity to equator, closeness to ocean, mountains, etc.

http://z.about.com/d/geography/1/0/V/A/equator.jpg

Aquatic biomes 2 types – marine and freshwater. Stratified vertically – photic zone (light) and aphotic zone (little light). Bottom of aquatic is benthos – food is detritus that falls from above.

http://www.geo.arizona.edu/Antevs/nats104/00lect17lakeutrophic.jpg

Freshwater – close to shore – littoral zone. Open water – limnetic zone. ALakes classified by nutrients – 1 - eutrophic – shallow and nutrient-rich; 2oligotrophic – deeper and nutrient-poor.

Oligotrophic lake http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/16cm05/1116/50-19b-Eutrophic.jpg

Eutrophic lake http://www.spatial.maine.edu/~snoox/images/eutrophic_lake.jpg

* BWetlands – area covered with water; supports plants. CEstuaries – area where freshwater meets ocean. Intertidal zone – land meets water. DCoral reefs – dominated by coral.

Wetlands http://www.usbr.gov/dataweb/assets/images/Wetlands.jpg

Estuary http://www.cop.noaa.gov/images/estuaries.jpg

Coral Reef http://212.84.179.117/i/Coral%20Reef.jpg

EOceanic pelagic biome – away from shore. Abyssal zone – lowest part of benthos; deep-sea hydrothermal vents help chemoautotrophic organisms.

Abyssal zone http://206.110.20.50/web/schuh/students/jonathan/Monsters/MonstersofthDeep/seaslug.JPG

Terrestrial biomes Defined vertically from the canopy at top to the permafrost at the bottom. ATropical forest – little light reaches ground because of deep canopy. Rainfall determines life in area.

Tropical Forest In Madagascar http://www.hort.cornell.edu/mudge/bneimark/SC%202.jpg

BSavanna – scattered trees and grasses. Fire helps increase diversity. Has rainy season. CTemperate grassland – seasonal drought, fires prevent tree growth. Most used for farming.

Savanna http://www.plantzafrica.com/vegetation/vegimages/savanna3.jpg

Grasslands http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Laboratory/Biome/Images/picgrassland.jpg

DDeserts – sparse rain, some are cold. Plants have structures to allow survival (i.e. water storage, alternative forms of photosynthesis) EChaparral – evergreen shrub; long, hot, dry summers with fires.

Desert http://pangea.stanford.edu/~hsiao/desert.jpg

Chaparral http://www.cpluhna.nau.edu/images/semiaridgrasslands92rw.jpg

FTemperate deciduous forest – small mammals, leaves fall during autumn. GConiferous forest – cone-bearing trees, trees have needles. HTundra – permafrost covers ground, low diversity.

Deciduous forest http://www.ccet.ua.edu/hhmi/images/Autumn.JPG

Coniferous forest http://www3.newberry.org/k12maps/module_07/images/coniferous.jpg

Tundra http://photojunkie.ca/photoblog/tundra.jpg

http://www.hesd.k12.ca.us/resource/biomes/Biome%20map.gif

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