Introduction to Kinesiology

Kinesiology Study of movement Combination of anatomy, physiology, physics and geometry and relates them to human movement Utilizes principles of mechanics, musculoskeletal anatomy & neuromuscular phisiology

Biomechanics Mechanical principles related to the human body Static Dynamic non moving moving Kinetics Kinematics- time, space, mass forces that cause movement `aspects of a moving system

Basic principles Motions a particular joint allows elbow: flexion and extension Muscle must span a particular joint surface to cause a certain motion span anteriorly to flex, posteriorly to extend Muscle’s line of pull biceps brachi vertical muscle on anterior surface Particular action of a specific muscle biceps flex elbow

Anatomical Position Anatomical position Standing upright Eyes facing forward Feet parallel and close together Arms at side of body Palms facing forward Fundamental position Same as anatomical position Except palms facing side of body

Descriptive Terminology Medial: toward midline Lateral: away from midline Anterior (ventral): front of body Posterior (dorsal): back of body Distal: location on extremity AWAY from trunk Proximal: location on extremity TOWARDS trunk

Superior: upper surface of organ or structure; part above another Inferior: lower surface of organ or structure; part below another Cranial (cephalad): toward the head Caudal: toward the feet Superficial: close to surface layer of body Deep: within or under another surface or layer of the body

Supine: person lying straight with the face / anterior surface pointed upward Prone: horizontal with face or anterior surface, pointed downward Bilateral: two or both sides Contralateral: opposite side Ipsilateral: same side of the body

Segments of the body Arm Forearm Hand Thigh Leg Foot Thorax

Motion Linear motion (translatory motion) Occurs in straight line from one location to another All parts move same distance, same direction, at same time RECTILINEAR: straight line (sledding) CURVILINEAR: curved path (diver)

Angular Motion (Rotatory motion) Movement of an object around a fixed point All parts of the object move through same angle, in same direction, at same time BUT, do not move the same distance. Most body movements are ANGULAR! During knee flexion the foot travels farther through space than ankle or leg Elbow flexion

LINEAR AND ANGULAR MOVEMENTS OFTEN OCCUR TOGETHER Whole object moves in linear manner; individual parts of the object move in angular manner Person walking Overall movement linear Individual joint movements angular.

Joint Movements Osteokinematics Arthrokinematics Relationship of movement relationship of joint surface of bones around a joint axis movement

Joint Movements Flexion/extension Abduction/adduction Circumduction Rotation (medial/lateral) Inversion/eversion Protraction/retraction Supination/pronation Plantar flexion/dorsiflexion Horizontal adduction/horizontal abduction Ulnar deviation/radial deviation Lateral bending

Flexion Extension Hyperextension Abduction Adduction Bending movement of one bone on another, bringing the two segments together & causing an increase of joint angle Extension Straightening movement of one bone away from another, causing an increase of joint angle Hyperextension Continuation of extension beyond the anatomical position Abduction Movement away from midline of the body Adduction

Horizontal abduction and adduction Does not occur from anatomical position Must be proceeded by either flexion or abduction of shoulder joint so that arm is at shoulder level From this position movement backward - Horizontal abduction movement forward- Horizontal adduction Radial deviation- hand move laterally towards thumb side Ulnar deviation - hand move medially towards little finger side Circumduction Circular cone-shaped motion Combination of flexion, abduction, extension and adduction Rotation Movement of a bone or part around its longitudinal axis Medial rotation- anterior surface rolls inward toward the midline Lateral rotation- anterior surface rolls outward away from midline

Supination & Pronation Rotation of fore arm Supination- faces palm of hand forward & anteriorly Pronation- faces palm of hand postariorly Inversion Moving the sole of foot inward at ankle Eversion Moving the sole of foot outward at ankle Protraction Linear movement along a plane parallel to ground away from midline Retraction Linear movement in the same plane toward midline

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