China’s Four Modernizations Industry Agriculture Science & Culture National Defense

Tiananmen Square • Despite advances under Deng Xiaoping, many Chinese complained that their country had not achieved a fifth modernization—democracy. • As more Chinese studied abroad and learned about the West, students and other groups demanded greater freedom. • In 1989, growing discontent led to massive demonstrations in Tiananmen Square in Beijing. o Student protesters called for an end to corruption and demanded that Communist Party leaders resign.

Tiananmen Square Protest at Tiananmen Square spring of 1989, disaffected Chinese citizens began staging political protests around the country Deng Xiaoping ordered tanks and troops into the square to crush the demonstrators. Between 500 and 2,000 protesters were killed, and many more were injured. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SACHK-W4o1E

Chinese Society • Mao and the Communist Party encouraged people to put loyalty to the state before loyalty to the family. o Women allowed to take part in politics and granted equal marital rights • After Mao’s death, family traditions returned. • People enjoyed more freedom in everyday life. o Better living conditions o Clothing no longer restricted to baggy “Mao suits”

Chinese Society • Mao’s efforts to control population growth were continued with a one-child policy. o Incentives for couples who limit their families to one child o Resulting decline in population growth rate

Issues in South Korea • South Korea has been a democratic republic since 1989. The country is ruled by elected civilians instead of military leaders. • Tension remains between North and South Korea due to North Korea's nuclear program and military attacks on South Korea. • South Korea has suffered from economic problems following a banking collapse and Asia's financial crisis of 1997. • Focus on economic security and a strong educational system kept unemployment low during difficult financial times. • South Korea's cultural landscape is changing as the country embraces digital media and technology.