Issus.

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Presentation transcript:

Issus

Battle of Issus Essay Question

Part A Alexander ill at Tarsus Alexander offering sacrifice for success in battle Hill Tribes Difficulty of maintaining standing army Dismissal of advice by Amyntas(poor judgement) Sycophants having the ear of Darius making him believe that the delay is down to cowardice on Alex’s part. Darius unable to extricate himself at the last minute

Factors/Causes Luck Logistics Ego/Eagerness Delays Topography

The Formation

Why does Darius form as he does? Necessity : Double Line Lack of confidence : Stockade and archers Mercenaries : Combat Phalanx Cavalry : Taking advantage of flat ground Detachment : Disrupt Alex’s typical plans to attack from the right hand side Lessen Impact: Archers and detachment.

Macedonian Battle strategy

Outline the Course of the Battle Impossible for Darius to remove himself from narrow pass. Alex concentrates on resting and feeding his men. Darius forms using screen of men across the river Pinarus. Huge force of cavalry on his right. Centre made up of Greek and Persian infantry but weakness of Persian forces must be protected by Archers. In order to deter the usual attack from the Macedonian right Darius sends a detachment to harry them from behind. He also loads up his right wing with cavalry in order to break through the Macedonian left

Alex Formation Macedonian Phalanx and Hypaspists in the centre. (9000 + 3000) Companion Cavalry, under Alex’s command, facing Persian left. Small force with Agrianes and cavalry sent to deal with detachment. Parmenio facing Persian right with the most of the allied Cavalry. At the last minute Alex covertly reinforces his left with the Thessalian Cavalry.

How does Alex overcome? Concealment Observation Speed of Attack Flanking move

Cavalry at Issus

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QjLd4pUHcWY

Consequences Undisputed master of Asia Minor Family captured (leverage) Financial gain Threat of theatre of war moving to Greece decreased. (Memnon’s plan) Free to pursue the Coastal Policy 110,000 killed according to Plutarch Letter from Darius Morale boost

Images of Issus

Chivalry

Issus Question How did it happen that Issus became the battle site between Darius and Alexander? (15) Explain why Darius lined up his forces the way he did, and how Alexander overcame the problem. (25) What were the consequences of Alex’s victory? (10)