1. The Great Military Mind

2. A. Greece was politically unstable
B. Greece viewed the Macedonians as backward mountain peoples (although they were descendants of the Dorians)
C. Phillip II desired 3 things:
1. Create a strong standing army
2. Unify the Greeks under Macedonian rule
3. Destroy the Persian Empire
D. Philip II made a simple attempt to conquer Greece and succeeded

3. A. Learned great military tactics as a hostage in Thebes
B. Organized his army into Greek-style phalanxes
C. Forced Greek city-states to cooperate with each other
D. Allied a polis through marriage; 6-7 wives total

4. E. The great Athenian Demosthenes appealed to the Greeks to fight for their freedom, but they didn’t listen
F. Formed the League of Corinth
1. Unified Macedonia with Greek city-states
2. Intended use: defeat the Persian Empire, bring them “Macedonian freedom”
G. Assassinated in 336 B.C. by Pausanias (Or Olympias?) before he could conquer Persia

5. A. Well educated (Aristotle) B. Great military mind at age 7
1. Persian envoys in Macedon
2. He entertains them alone
3. Asks military questions
Length of journey
Conditions of the roads
Weather
Size of the Persian army
C. Military commander at 16
D. King at age 20; 334 B.C. set out to defeat Persia

6. A. Persia: wealthiest and mightiest empire on earth
B. Macedon: tiny, rather poor nation
C. Battle of Issus (333 B.C.)
D. Fought on a plain transected by the River Pinarus
E. Macedonians: 32,000 foot soldiers; 5,000 cavalry
F. Persia: 150,000 soldiers

7. Step 1: Cavalry charge
Step 2: Phalanxes move in
16 men x 16 men with 16 ft. spears
Step 3: Cavalry redirected at Darius
Step 4: Darius flees/pursued by Macedonians
Step 5: Alexander attacks Babylon
Other evidence shows that Philip and Alexander both used catapults, siege towers, and rams when attacking cities.

10. B. Imperial Goals
1. Create an empire that would unite Europe and
Asia and combine the best of their cultures
2. He promoted his goals by example
a. Wore Persian dress and imitated the court life
of Persian kings
b. Married the daughter of Darius III and oversees ,000 marriages of his men to Persian women
c. Treated conquered people as equals
d. Recruits soldiers from conquered lands
e. Leaves trusted veterans behind in charge
of cities/territories (satraps)

11. C. Keeps going into India, until men force him back
1. Feared the Elephant
armies of India’s pashas
2. Wished to return home
to families
3. Spent a total of 9 years
away from Babylon
D. Returns to Babylon with
army
E. Dies of fever (probably
malaria) in 323 B.C. at age 33

12. A. Roxanne and son (Alex. IV) assassinated 18 months after his death
B. Empire divided among his three generals:

13. Opened trade routes between the East and West (influenced Greek art/architecture)
Brought forth Hellenistic Civilization (Greek culture) and the respect for it all over the world
Alexander Magnamus: the “Great” military leader