Hong-Seok Ha1, Jae-Won Huh1, Dae-Soo Kim2, and Heui-Soo Kim1 2 Promoter Activity of LTR Element of the Human FPRL2 Gene Hong-Seok Ha1, Jae-Won Huh1, Dae-Soo Kim2, and Heui-Soo Kim1 2 1Division of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University 2PBBRC, Interdisciplinary Research Program of Bioinformatics, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University http://www.primate.or.kr Abstract The human genome is estimated to consist of approximately 8% human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) and related sequences. FPRL2 (fomyl peptide receptor-like 2) gene has a solitary LTR (long terminal repeat). The LTR is located between first exon and promoter region of the FPRL2 gene. The FPRL2 gene containing LTR element was expressed in various human tissues except fetal brain and cerebellum. The LTR element was detected in hominoid, Old World monkeys, and New World monkeys except for common marmoset, whereas LINE (long interspersed repetitive element) and SINE (short interspersed repetitive element) elements were detected in prosimian (ring-tailed lemur) and common marmoset. We also examined promoter activity of the LTR element in FPRL2 gene, and discussed its biological role. Taken together, the insertion of retroelements into primate genome could have different biological roles during primate evolution.aaaaaaaaaaaaaaa Results & Discussion PNU FPRL2 gene & LTR element Promoter assay (A) FPR1 FPRL1_2 FPRL2 FPRL1_1 (B) Introduction Other region 16% Gene-related Sequence 36% LINE 20% SINE 13% Coding sequence 3% Pseudogene 1% HERV element 8% DNA element Retroelement PNU FPRL2 family genes RNA intermediate - LTR element + LTR element Retroposon - env + env 1 RNA expression Retrotransposon - RT + RT Yeast Ty1/copia/truncated HERVs LTR ORF1 ORF2 Human THE1 SINE P Poly(A) Human Alu Retrovirus LINE gag pol env LTR Full-length HERVs/exogenous retrovirus LTR: Long Terminal Repeat LINE: Long Integrated nuclear element SINE: Short Integrated nuclear element HERV: Human Endogenous Retro-Virus ORF1 ORF2 P Poly(A) L1 Materials & Methods PNU PCR, RT-PCR BSP PROMOTER ASSAY BIOINFOMATICS IMAGE J (A) Luciferase assay Bisulfite Sequencing PCR (B) (C) Bioinformatics … ImageJ References PNU Maksakova IA, Mager DL. Transcriptional regulation of early transposon elements, an active family of mouse long terminal repeat retrotransposons. J Viro. 2005. 79(22):13865-74.….................. Yang D, Chen Q, Gertz B, He R, Phulsuksombati M, Ye RD, Oppenheim JJ. Human dendritic cells express functional formyl peptide receptor-like-2 (FPRL2) throughout maturation. J Leukoc Biol. 2002. 72:598-607.. . Insertion of LTR54 & Two structures of LTR promoter in primates Genome Information Lab www.primate.or.kr