The Visual System and Visual Performance

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Presentation transcript:

The Visual System and Visual Performance

The Visible Spectrum

Anatomy of the Eye Illustration by Mark Ericksen, St. Luke’s Cataract and Laser Center, StLukesEye.com vision.ppt

The Eye (2) Cornea Aqueous Humor Iris Protection Focusing Shape Nutrition Iris Light control vision.ppt

The Eye (3) Lens Vitreous Humor Retina Focusing Accommodation Shape Rods: black & white, night vision Cones: color, day vision Fovea: sharpest vision (concentration of cones) vision.ppt

The Eye (4) Optic Nerve Eye Muscles Nerve signals to brain Optic Disk: blind spot Eye Muscles Eye movement Convergence vision.ppt

NEAR AND FARSIGHTED EYE vision.ppt

DENSITY OF RODS AND CONES vision.ppt

Visual Performance Brightness Visual Angle Visual Acuity Color Visual Field vision.ppt

Brightness Relative amount of light reflected from an object produces a sensation of lightness or brightness. Brightness is related to the luminance of light as well as a subjective response to color vision.ppt

Luminous Intensity vision.ppt

Luminous Flux vision.ppt

Illuminance vision.ppt

Illuminance v. Luminance Illumination/Illuminance: The amount of light striking any point on the inside surface of a sphere surrounding the light source (Luminous flux/unit area) Foot candle: 1 lumen/square foot Lux: 1 luman/square meter Luminance: The amount of light per unit area leaving (reflected from) a surface Foot Lamberts: 1 lumen/square foot Candelas/square meeter vision.ppt

Luminance Note: 1 foot-Lambert (ft-L) = 0.929 mL, so 1 ft-L ~ 1 mL. vision.ppt

Luminance (2) Threshold of detectability Threshold of pain 1 x 10 -6 mL Threshold of pain 3 x 10 4 mL Limits to discriminability 3 - 4 levels vision.ppt

Lightness vision.ppt

Lightness vision.ppt

Contrast Sensitivity the luminance of pixels is varied sinusoidally in the horizontal direction. The spatial frequency increases exponentially from left to right. The contrast also varies logarithmically from 100% at the bottom to about 0.5% at the top. The luminance of peaks and troughs remains constant along a given horizontal path through the image. If the detection of contrast was dictated solely by image contrast, the alternating bright and dark bars should appear to have equal height everywhere in the image. However, the bars seem to be taller in the middle of the image. vision.ppt

Visual Angle (minutes of arc) Visual Angle = tan-1 H/D vision.ppt

Visual Angle of Familiar Objects Object Distance Visual Angle Sun 93,000,000 mi 30’ Moon 240,000 mi 30’ Quarter arm’s length 2° Quarter 90 yd 1’ Quarter 3 mi 1” Lowercase pica type reading distance 13’ vision.ppt

Cumulative Probability of Detection vision.ppt

vision.ppt

Acuity vision.ppt

Minimum Separable Acuity Also called gap resolution Smallest space eye can detect between parts of a target (visual object). vision.ppt

Minimum Separable Acuity as Function of Contrast vision.ppt

Minimum Perceptible Acuity Also called spot detection. Eye’s ability to detect smallest possible target. vision.ppt

Minimum Perceptible Acuity as Function of Contrast and Background Luminance vision.ppt

Vernier Acuity Smallest lateral displacement of one line from another that can be detected. vision.ppt

Vernier Acuity as Function of Background Luminance vision.ppt

Color Attributes Relative discrimination Absolute discrimination hue: red, green, blue … saturation: vividness of hue brightness: luminance Relative discrimination thousands of distinct colors Absolute discrimination 24 distinct colors recommended: 9 vision.ppt

HUE vision.ppt

Absolute discrimination 0 vision.ppt

vision.ppt

Absolute discrimination 1 vision.ppt

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Absolute discrimination 2 vision.ppt

Relative discrimination vision.ppt

List of colors http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colors vision.ppt   Shades of blue Alice blue Azure Baby blue Blue Cerulean Cerulean blue Chinese blue Cobalt blue Columbia blue Cornflower blue Dark blue Denim Dodger blue Indigo International Klein Blue Light blue Midnight blue Navy blue Periwinkle Persian blue Powder blue Prussian blue Royal blue Sapphire Steel blue Ultramarine Air Force blue Egyptian blue Electric blue Maya Blue Medium blue Sky blue vision.ppt

Visual Field

Visual Impairments Myopia : Nearsightedness Hyperopia : Farsightedness Presbyopia : Loss of accommodation Night Blindness : Reduced rod vision Color Blindness : Inability to discriminate Tunnel Vision : Reduced field of view vision.ppt

Other Factors Affecting Visual Performance Contrast: optimum level exists Illumination: optimum level exists Time: positive relationship Luminance Ratio: see contrast vision.ppt

Other Factors Affecting Visual Performance (2) Glare: negative relationship Movement: negative relationship Age: negative relationship Drugs: some drugs impair vision vision.ppt

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