Important features for industrial pipes and fittings out of polypropylene PP - Homopolymer and PP - Copolymer

CONTENT Description and general properties Creep strength of pipe and fitting Chemical resistance Resistance against slow crack Propagation Conclusions Properties Creep strength chemical Resistance Slow crack Propagation Conclusions

GENERAL PROPERTIES PP-H, PP-B and PP-R high creep strength chemical Resistance Slow crack Propagation Conclusions high creep strength very good chemical resistance resistance against microorganisms high heat reversion resistance very good abrasion properties good weldability no deposits / no increments excellent acoustic damping characteristics very good thermoformable hohe Zeitstandfestigkeit sehr gute chemische Widerstandsfähigkeit Beständigkeit gegenüber Mikroorganismen hohe Wärmealterungsbeständigkeit sehr gute Abrasionseigenschaften gute Schweißbarkeit keine Ablagerungen / kein Zuwachsen ausgezeichnete akustische Dämpfungseigenschaften sehr gute thermoplastische Verformbarkeit

Syndiotactic Polypropylene GENERAL PROPERTIES Stereoisomic kinds of PP Properties Creep strength chemical Resistance Slow crack Propagation Conclusions Isotactic Polypropylene Syndiotactic Polypropylene Helical structure Atactic Polypropylene

GENERAL PROPERTIES PP-Types General description Creep strength chemical Resistance Slow crack Propagation Conclusions PP-H (Polypropylene Homopolymer) The Homopolymer consists of macro-molecules, which are built of only one polymer: P - P - P - P - P - P - P - P - P - P PP-B (Polypropylene Block Copolymer) The Block Copolymer consists of macro-molecules, where Ethylene is included in block form up to 12 % (standard < 7%): P - P - P - P + P - P - E - E - P - P - P - E In der Anwendung von Kunststoffen in im Bereich der pharmazeutischen und Sehr geehrte Herren PP-R (Polypropylene Random Copolymer) The Random Copolymer is built of molecules, where a certain content (2-7%) if Ethylene is embedded statically distributed: E - P - E - P - P - P - E - P - P - P

GENERAL PROPERTIES PP in comparison Crystal structure Creep strength chemical Resistance Slow crack Propagation Conclusions PP-Homopolymer with rough sperulitic super lattices (PP-H a-nucleated) PP-Homopolymer with fine crystallic structure (PP-H b-nucleated) In der Anwendung von Kunststoffen in im Bereich der pharmazeutischen und Sehr geehrte Herren PP-Random Copolymer with fine crystallic structure

exception: bending angle accord. to DVS 2203 part 5 GENERAL PROPERTIES PP in comparison General properties / part 1 Properties Creep strength chemical Resistance Slow crack Propagation Conclusions Characteristics PP-H PP-R welding quality good excellent exception: bending angle accord. to DVS 2203 part 5 bending angle varies when welding PPH together with PPH,PPB and also generally significant lower than PPR bending angle > 160 deg. with also when welding PPR together with PPH,PPB,PPR chemical resistance NaOH (40% / 80°C) lower resistant higher resistant Cm-factor 1,6 The allowable working pressure is Lower than for PPR 1,25 related to the very good impact resistance

GENERAL PROPERTIES Characteristics PP-H PP-R PP in comparison General properties / part 2 Properties Creep strength chemical Resistance Slow crack Propagation Conclusions Characteristics PP-H PP-R voids (of fittings) increasing risk of voids good processibility E-modulus (stiffness) higher E-modulus => support distance higher lower E-modulus => support distance lower impact strength lower impact strength applicable only for temp. > 5°C higher impact strength applicable for temp. < 0°C minimum temp. limit approx. +5°C approx. -5°C stress-relaxation low relaxation of stress because of higher creep-modulus fast relaxation of stress because of lower

þ CONTENT Description and general properties Creep strength of pipe and fitting Chemical resistance Resistance against slow crack Propagation Conclusions þ

CREEP STRENGTH OF PIPE AND FITTING Properties Creep strength chemical Resistance Slow crack Propagation Conclusions

CREEP STRENGTH OF PIPE AND FITTING Creep behaviour of pipes out of PP acc. to DIN 8077 PP-H and PP-R Properties Creep strength chemical Resistance Slow crack Propagation Conclusions 0,1 1,0 10 2 3 4 5 6 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 2,0 3,0 4,0 5,0 6,0 7,0 8,0 9,0 10,0 20,0 30,0 40,0 50,0 Standzeit [h] 1 25 50 Standzeit [Jahre] Vergleichspannung s v [N/mm ] 20°C 40°C 60°C 70°C 80°C 95°C 100 10°C 30°C 50°C 90°C PP-H PP-R

CREEP STRENGTH OF PIPE AND FITTING Creep behaviour of pipes out of PP acc. to DIN 8077 at 60°C Properties Creep strength chemical Resistance Slow crack Propagation Conclusions 0,1 1,0 10 2 3 4 5 6 2,0 3,0 4,0 5,0 6,0 7,0 8,0 9,0 10,0 Time to fail [h] 1 25 50 Time to fail [years] 100 PP-H PP-B PP-R Hoop stress s [N/mm ] v

CREEP STRENGTH OF PIPE AND FITTING Creep behaviour of pipes out of PP acc. to DIN 8077 at 80°C Properties Creep strength chemical Resistance Slow crack Propagation Conclusions 0,1 1,0 10 2 3 4 5 6 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 2,0 3,0 4,0 5,0 6,0 7,0 8,0 9,0 10,0 Time to fail [h] 1 25 50 Time to fail [years] 100 PP-H PP-B PP-R Hoop Stress s [N/mm ] v

CREEP STRENGTH OF PIPE AND FITTING Allowed working excess pressure acc. to DIN 8077 for media water Properties Creep strength chemical Resistance Slow crack Propagation Conclusions = Safety factor 1,6 1,4 1,25 1,25

CREEP STRENGTH OF PIPE AND FITTING Time to fail of injection moulded components / gating system Properties Creep strength chemical Resistance Slow crack Propagation Conclusions Back gate Side gate Ring gate Y-gate Stress duration [h] log. t log. s Hoop Stress [N/mm²]

CREEP STRENGTH OF PIPE AND FITTING Time to fail of injection moulded components / creep tests acc. to DIN 8078 tees SDR 11 Properties Creep strength chemical Resistance Slow crack Propagation Conclusions

CREEP STRENGTH OF PIPE AND FITTING Shrinkage behaviour and voids Machined stub flange out of PPH Properties Creep strength chemical Resistance Slow crack Propagation Conclusions Schwundverhalten und Lunkerbildung Ausgedrehter Vorschweißbund aus PP-H

þ þ CONTENT Description and general properties Creep strength of pipe and fitting Chemical resistance Resistance against slow crack Propagation Conclusions þ þ

CHEMICAL RESISTANCE OF PP Properties Creep strength chemical Resistance Slow crack Propagation Conclusions

CHEMICAL RESISTANCE OF PP Comparison of weight changes PP-molding materials in HCl+MCB+o-DCB at 60°C Properties Creep strength chemical Resistance Slow crack Propagation Conclusions 0,00 1,00 2,00 3,00 4,00 5,00 6,00 3 7 14 28 56 84 Immersions period in days[d] 01 - PPH natural, - 05 - PPR natural, - 06 - PPR grey, TiO2 03 - PPH grey, TiO2 02 - PPH grey, TiO2 09 - PPB grey, TiO2 07 - PPR grey, TiO2 / ZnS 04 - PPH grey, ZnS 08 - PPR grey, ZnS 10 - PPB grey, ZnS Weight changes in percent [%] Vergleich der Massenänderung PP-Formmassen in HCl Salzsäure + MCB + o-DCB bei 60°C

CHEMICAL RESISTANCE OF PP Properties Creep strength chemical Resistance Slow crack Propagation Conclusions Rohr und Formteil aus PP mit ZnS Farbpigmentierung nach dem Einsatz in einer Salzsäureleitung Pipe and fitting out of PP with ZnS color pigmentation after the application in a hydrochloric acid pipe system

CHEMICAL RESISTANCE OF PP Properties Creep strength chemical Resistance Slow crack Propagation Conclusions 0,1 1,0 10 2 3 4 5 6 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 2,0 3,0 4,0 5,0 6,0 7,0 8,0 9,0 10,0 Time to fail [h] 1 25 50 Time to fail [years] Hoope stress s [N/mm ] v 100 PP-H PP-B PP-R Caustic soda solution 50%, T=80°C, creep test Natronlauge

CHEMICAL RESISTANCE OF PP Properties Creep strength chemical Resistance Slow crack Propagation Conclusions Times to fail of different PP moulding materials at the creep test at 80°C in 40% caustic soda solution, test tension: 5,5 N/mm² Natronlauge

CHEMICAL RESISTANCE OF PP Properties Creep strength chemical Resistance Slow crack Propagation Conclusions Spannungsrißbildung infolge Temperaturbelastung, produktionsbedingter Eigenspannungen und Chemikalieneinwirkung Stress crack formation because of temperature loading, production dependent internal stresses and chemical influence

CHEMICAL RESISTANCE OF PP Internal stresses in the welding zone Properties Creep strength chemical Resistance Slow crack Propagation Conclusions Maximum internal stresses (tensile) often appear in the area of the bead notch Due to a loading, an additional superimposition of further stresses results. A failure of the component (welding joint) starts from the bead notch.

þ þ þ CONTENT Description and general properties Creep strength of pipe and fitting Chemical resistance Resistance against slow crack Propagation Conclusions þ þ þ

RESISTANCE AGAINST SLOW CRACK PROPAGATION Properties Creep strength chemical Resistance Slow crack Propagation Conclusions

RESISTANCE AGAINST SLOW CRACK PROPAGATION Procedure of slow crack propagation Properties Creep strength chemical Resistance Slow crack Propagation Conclusions nucleation zone crazing-zone fibre stretching failure of craze fibres schematic damage course tie-molecule entanglement of tie-molecules microscopic

RESISTANCE AGAINST SLOW CRACK PROPAGATION FNCT Description of the specimen Properties Creep strength chemical Resistance Slow crack Propagation Conclusions geometry sheet pipe notch clamp fracture photomicrograph Test specimen for Full Notch Creep Test (FNCT)

RESISTANCE AGAINST SLOW CRACK PROPAGATION FNCT-results (times to fail) of polypropylene, tested in water under 2% wetting agent influence (Arkopal N100) Properties Creep strength chemical Resistance Slow crack Propagation Conclusions 622 397 387 841 267 164 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1 2 3 4 5 6 Material t [h] PP-R (Type B) (Type D) PP-H (Type S, a -nucleated) ( b PP-B

RESISTANCE AGAINST SLOW CRACK PROPAGATION Properties Creep strength chemical Resistance Slow crack Propagation Conclusions FNCT-results (times to fail) of polypropylene specimen, tested in water under 2% wetting agent influence (Arkopal N-100)

RESISTANCE AGAINST SLOW CRACK PROPAGATION Properties Creep strength chemical Resistance Slow crack Propagation Conclusions Currently demanded minimum values in FNCT (times to fail) for PP-moulding materials (2% Arkopal N-100) from the DIBt

þ þ þ þ CONTENT Description and general properties Creep strength of pipe and fitting Chemical resistance Resistance against slow crack Propagation Conclusions þ þ þ þ

CONCLUSIONS Properties Creep strength chemical Resistance Slow crack Propagation Conclusions

CONCLUSIONS PPH, PPB and PPR in comparison Advantages PP-H Properties Creep strength chemical Resistance Slow crack Propagation Conclusions Advantages PP-H high creep strength at low temperatures higher E-module, larger support distances are possible lower raw material price

CONCLUSIONS PPH, PPB and PPR in comparison Advantages PP-B Properties Creep strength chemical Resistance Slow crack Propagation Conclusions Advantages PP-B better shrinkage behaviour, therefore no voids and larger injection moulding parts are possible lower internal stress potential high viscosity very high impact resistance

CONCLUSIONS PPH, PPB and PPR in comparison Advantages PP-R Properties Creep strength chemical Resistance Slow crack Propagation Conclusions Advantages PP-R high creep strength at high temperatures higher resistance against slow crack propagation higher pressure loadability better shrinkage behaviour, therefore no voids and larger injection moulding parts are possible lower internal stress potential high viscosity

CONCLUSIONS Typical application ranges of PP-types PP-Homopolymer: Properties Creep strength chemical Resistance Slow crack Propagation Conclusions PP-Homopolymer: Semi-finished products for the tank construction Pipes for industrial applications PP-Block Copolymer: Piping systems for sewage water technology (underground installations) PP-Random Copolymer: Piping systems for high pressure and temperature loadings (systems for industrial water use) Welding rod Injection moulding components (specially in larger dimensions)

CONCLUSIONS Modified PP-moulding materials Properties Creep strength chemical Resistance Slow crack Propagation Conclusions PP-R, black: UV-stabilization because of high content of carbon black (impact resistance decreases) PP-R, natural: High purity applications, as no color additives are included PP-H-s:Flame retarding Homopolymer, e.g. for the application in ventilation, exhaust or chimney systems PP-R-s-el: Flame retarding Random Copolymer, which is mostly used for the transport of slightly ignitable media because of its electrical conductivity

CONCLUSIONS Injection moulded components for Pressure piping systems Properties Creep strength chemical Resistance Slow crack Propagation Conclusions Bends 90°out of PP up to d500 in SDR 33, 17,6 and 11 Tees out of PP up to d 500 in SDR 33, 17,6 and 11 Backing rings out of PP/St up to d 630 for max. working excess pressures of 10 bar

þ þ þ þ þ CONTENT Description and general properties Creep strength of pipe and fitting Chemical resistance Resistance against slow crack Propagation Conclusions þ þ þ þ þ

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