Pharmaceutical Analytical Techniques

Analytical techniques 1. Titrimetric techniques 2. Chromatographic Thin layer chromatography High performance thin layer chromatography. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) Gas chromatography 3. Spectroscopic techniques Spectrophotometry Near infrared spectroscopy(NIRS). Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMRS) Fluorimetry and phosphorimetry . 4. Electrochemical methods 5. Kinetic method of analysis 6. Electrophoretic methods

Titrimetric Analysis • Measurement of the volume of a unknown solution (the analyte) with a known concentration of a reagent(the titrant) . • Titrimetric methods are widely used for routine analysis because they are rapid, convenient, accurate, and readily automated. Spectroscopic techniques • The use of spectroscopy in determining the chemical or physical constitution of substances. • Classification:- 1.Spectrophotometry 2.Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). 3.Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) 4. Fluorimetry and phosphorimetry .

Spectrophotometry • Quantitative measurement of the reflection or transmission properties of a material as a function of wavelength. • The advantages of these methods are low time and labor consumption. 2.Near infrared spectroscopy • Provides multi component analysis of almost any matrix. • Used in pharmaceutical industry for raw material testing, product quality control and process monitoring. 3.Nuclear magnetic resonance • An analytical technique used in quality control and research for determining the content and purity of a sample as well as its molecular structure. 4.Fluorimetry and phosphorimetry spectroscopy (NMR) • For high sensitivity without the loss of specificity or precision. • determination of protein content of commercial foods.

3.Nuclear magnetic resonance • An analytical technique used in quality control and research for determining the content and purity of a sample as well as its molecular structure. 4.Fluorimetry and phosphorimetry spectroscopy (NMR) • For high sensitivity without the loss of specificity or precision. • determination of protein content of commercial foods. 5. Electrochemical methods • The study of an analyte by measuring the potential (volts) and/or current (amperes) in an electrochemical cell containing the analyte . 6. Chromatography •A method of separating and analyzing mixtures of chemicals. •The separation by allowing a solution or mixture to seep through an adsorbent (such as clay, gel, or paper) so each compound becomes adsorbed into a separate.

Flow chart of HPLC working • HPLC-high performance liquid chromatography/high pressure liquid chromatography • HPLC has been around for about 35 years and is the most frequent used technique. • HPLC is really the automation of traditional liquid chromatography under conditions which provide for enhanced separations during shorter periods of time, utilizing very small articles, small column diameters, and very high fluid pressures. Flow chart of HPLC working

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