1. Chapter 5 – Organic Analysis
3 common analytical techniques used in organic analysis:
1. Chromatography
2. Spectrophotometry
3. Mass Spectrometry

2. Chromatography – a technique used to separate the components of a mixture by their attraction to a stationary phase while being propelled by a moving phase, usually based on their polarities.
-the components that are attracted to the moving phase will pull ahead of those components attracted to the stationary phase.
-chromatogram = a written record of the separation
-useful for identifying various organic mixtures, such as illicit drugs

3. Types of chromatography
Paper – Stationary phase = paper, mobile phase = a liquid solvent
advantage: easy to do, cheap
disadvantage: not very sensitive

4. 2) Gas Chromatography (GC) – the stationary phase is a liquid in a column, the mobile phase is a gas (called the carrier gas)
the chromatogram will have a peak for each component.
Advantages: very sensitive, quantitative results
Disadvantage: the sample must be heated

5. 3) HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography) –
the stationary phase contains little solid particles, the mobile phase is a liquid
advantages: same as GC plus the process takes place at room temp

6. 4) Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) – like paper chromatography, but the solid phase is a glass plate coated with granular material
Advantages: fast, cheap, more sensitive than paper
Disadvantage: cannot provide an absolute identification

7. 5) Electrophoresis -- uses an electrical potential to separate molecules on a gel-like support medium
Advantages: very useful for separating proteins and DNA

8. Electrophoresis results

9. Spectrophotometry = an analytical method of identifying a substance by its selective absorption of different wavelengths of light.

10. A Spectrophotometer

11. A spectrophotometer produces a graph called an absorption spectrum, that shows the absorption of light as a function of wavelength or frequency.

12. 3. Mass Spectrometry – takes components separated by a GC, and ionizes the particles, causing them to decompose into small fragments. These small fragments produce a unique pattern. Used mainly in the identification of drugs.