How did communism rise in China? Essential Question How did communism rise in China?

7-5.3 Explain the spread of communism in Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa, and Latin America, including the ideas of the satellite state containment, and the domino theory. 7-5.4 Analyze the political and technological competition between the Soviet Union and the United States for global influence, including the Korean Conflict, the Berlin Wall, the Vietnam War, the Cuban missile crisis, the “space race,” and the threat of nuclear annihilation.

When did China go Communist? 1949 – The People’s Republic of China is formed China had been involved in a CIVIL WAR for nearly 20 years Chinese Nationalists Chinese Communists vs led by Chiang Kai-Shek led by Mao Zedong

Who won the civil war? During the 1930s, the Nationalists and the Communists worked together to battle the Japanese… …but when World War II ended, the struggle between the Nationalists and the Communists resumed In 1949, the Nationalists fled to the island of Taiwan and Mao Zedong declared victory for the Communists

The United States refused to recognize the People’s Republic of China What was Mao’s plan for China? Mao wanted China to: Modernize as soon as possible Become a nation without social classes To help China reach these goals, Mao took total control The United States refused to recognize the People’s Republic of China

How did Mao run China? GREAT LEAP FORWARD Mao’s 5 year economic plan – combining farms into huge communes where up to 30,000 people live and work together CULTURAL REVOLUTION Mao’s effort to rid China of Communist opposition RED GUARD Mao’s revolutionary group assigned to destroy people that were still practicing old ideas, culture, customs, or habits

China is still a Communist nation Is China still Communist? China is still a Communist nation 1972 – US President RICHARD NIXON visited China 1976 – Mao dies at age 82, DENG XIAOPING becomes the new leader

What was China like after Mao? 1979 – The US and China establish diplomatic relations 1989 – Troops fire upon pro-democracy Chinese students in TIANANMEN SQUARE in Beijing

Essential Question How were the Korean War and Vietnam War both linked to the policy of containment?

What was Korea like after WWII? After World War II, Korea had been left a divided nation The Soviet Union controlled the northern part of the country Korea was divided at the 38th parallel The United States controlled the southern part of the country

How was Korea rebuilt? The Soviet Union set up a communist government in NORTH KOREA The United States set up a democratic government in SOUTH KOREA

How did the Korean War start? 1950 – North Korea invades South Korea US President Harry Truman convinces the UNITED NATIONS to send troops (Americans made up most of the troops)

How did outside nations respond? Soviet leader JOSEPH STALIN had supported North Korea’s invasion American General DOUGLAS MACARTHUR led the UN troops into battle and was able to push the North Korean army back across the 38th parallel China’s leader MAO ZEDONG saw the UN troops as a threat and sent Chinese troops to push the UN back to South Korea

What was MacArthur’s plan? Gen. MacArthur wanted to use atomic bombs on Chinese military bases… …but President Truman refused When MacArthur objected and tried to go around Truman – MacArthur was fired! Truman did not want to start World War III by dropping bombs on Korea or China

Who won the Korean War? Three years of fighting = no clear victory 1953 – An armistice was signed – the fighting was over

What were the results of the war? 2.5 million people lost their lives The boundary between the two Koreas was unchanged No peace treaty was ever signed

What is Korea like today? North Korea = Communist South Korea = Democratic Many see North Korea as a trouble spot to this day for several reasons It has a totalitarian government (dictatorship) It has ties with terrorists It has the knowledge to build nuclear weapons

Like Korea, Vietnam was a divided country What was Vietnam like after WWII? Like Korea, Vietnam was a divided country When the Japanese left HO CHI MINH declared Vietnam independent However, INDOCHINA had once been a French colony and they wanted to regain control

What is Indochina? China is to the north Indochina is made up of the following countries: Cambodia Laos Vietnam Indonesia is to the south

How did war break out? 1946 – the French return to reclaim their colony Ho Chi Minh led a a group known as the VIETMINH to drive the French out of Vietnam

How did the US get involved? The United States feared that Ho Chi Minh was a Communist… …if he was successful, he could spread communism all over Asia If Vietnam falls to the Communists, then other countries will fall too… like a row of dominoes! President DWIGHT EISENHOWER coined the term DOMINO THEORY in an April 7, 1954 news conference

Vietnam divided at the 17th parallel What did the US do in Vietnam? The United States tried to help the French reclaim Vietnam 1954 – The French decide to make peace with the Vietminh GENEVA ACCORDS Vietnam divided at the 17th parallel North Vietnam = Communist (led by Ho Chi Minh) South Vietnam = Democratic (led by a US backed government)

Was the war over? The Geneva Accords also required elections to be held in North and South Vietnam Fearing a Communist takeover, South Vietnam (backed by the US) refused to participate The conflict in Vietnam continued…

What happened as the war continued? The United States sent money, weapons, and aid to South Vietnam The Soviet Union and China poured weapons into North Vietnam By the 1960s, American troops began arriving in Vietnam 1969 – 500,000 American soldiers in Vietnam

US involvement in Vietnam divided the American people How did people in the US feel about the war? US involvement in Vietnam divided the American people 1973 – President RICHARD NIXON reaches a settlement to withdraw American forces from Vietnam Sadly, by this time, more than 58,000 Americans had lost their lives in the war Their names can be found on the VIETNAM MEMORIAL in Washington, DC

What was the result of the Vietnam War? 1975 – North Vietnam invades South Vietnam… …South Vietnam falls North Vietnamese leaders reunite the country into one Vietnam – a Communist Vietnam It would take 20 years for the US and Vietnam to renew their relations… …the two nations reopened to talks and trade in 1995

Vietnam War Korean War

Why was the Cuban Missile Crisis a serious threat to the world? Essential Question Why was the Cuban Missile Crisis a serious threat to the world?

It is only 90 miles off the coast of Florida Where is Cuba? Cuba is an island nation in the Caribbean Sea It is only 90 miles off the coast of Florida

Who led Cuba? In 1959, FIDEL CASTRO overthrows the previous dictatorship As the leader of Cuba, Castro: Promised free elections and reforms Did not follow through with his promises Declared Cuba a Communist nation Accept military aid from the Soviet Union

1962 – US spy planes spot proof of long range missiles in Cuba What was the crisis in Cuba? 1962 – US spy planes spot proof of long range missiles in Cuba President Kennedy announced to the American people that the US had photographs of Soviet missiles in Cuba

What did Kennedy do about it? President Kennedy took swift action… He ordered the navy to blockade (close off) Cuba He prevented the Soviets from delivering more missiles He promised the Soviets that he would fire back This situation of hostility became known as the CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS

…the world held its breath… How did it turn into a serious crisis? The two superpowers (the US and the Soviet Union) grew very close to a nuclear attack… …the world held its breath…

The United States and the Soviet Union decided to reach an agreement How was the crisis resolved? Soviet leader Nakita Khrushchev ordered Soviet ships carrying missiles to continue on to Cuba But, after hearing President Kennedy’s threat to return fire…. The ships turned around The United States and the Soviet Union decided to reach an agreement

A nuclear war was avoided What was the result? The Soviet Union eventually removed all their missiles from Cuba A nuclear war was avoided The event contributed to Khrushchev’s fall from power in 1964

Soviet missiles placed in Cuba

What was life like behind the “Iron Curtain”? Essential Question What was life like behind the “Iron Curtain”?

What is the “Iron Curtain”? In the 1950s, an invisible political line divided Europe Western Europe Democratic nations Eastern Europe Communist nations That invisible line between the two was the IRON CURTAIN

“An iron curtain has descended across Europe” Why was it called the “Iron Curtain”? The term came from a 1946 speech of Great Britain’s Prime Minister WINSTON CHURCHILL “An iron curtain has descended across Europe”

Where did these communist nation come from? Many satellite nations were following the examples of the Soviet Union by: Creating Five Year Plans Focusing on industrialization Ending private farms Practicing collectivization Using secret police forces Eliminating non-Communist parties

Was communism successful? By the 1970s and 1980s, nations behind the “Iron Curtain” were: Struggling economically and Enduring harshly run governments

Khrushchev had lost support after the Cuban Missile Crisis How long did communism last? Before the 1980s, no one would have guessed that the Soviet Union would end by the end of the 20th century Khrushchev had lost support after the Cuban Missile Crisis But the Soviet Union got a new leader - LEONID BREZHNEV

What type of leader was Brezhnev? Continued many of Stalin’s tough policies but Began the policy of DÉTENTE Easing tensions between opposing nations

Afghanistan had been taking steps toward democracy Did this end the Cold War? DÉTENTE only lasted seven years… …it ended when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in 1979 Afghanistan had been taking steps toward democracy

How did the US respond? President JIMMY CARTER (1977-1981) Charged the Soviets with warlike acts Stopped grain shipments to the Soviet Union Refused to allow the US to participate in the 1980 Olympics in Moscow

How were US-Soviet relations in the 1980s? President RONALD REAGAN (1981-1989) Called the Soviet Union an “evil empire” Created a system to destroy incoming missiles Sent aid to Afghanistan to fight against the Soviets

BEHIND THE “IRON CURTAIN”

Knowledge Connections Vocabulary  Perestroika Glasnost Term Definition Knowledge Connections Picture

What changes did Gorbachev bring to the Soviet Union? Essential Question What changes did Gorbachev bring to the Soviet Union?

What problems were the Soviets facing? By the 1980s, some Soviet leaders began to think about changing the Soviet Union The nation was suffering from many problems that communism could not fix: A weakening economy Shortages of consumer goods Poor working conditions A slow and corrupt government

He was the last leader of the Soviet Union Who led this time of change? One of those reformers became the leader of the Soviet Union in 1985… MIKHAIL GORBACHEV (1985-1991) He was the last leader of the Soviet Union

How did Gorbachev help their problems? Gorbachev believed that the Soviet Union could not afford to continue the arms race with the United States He agreed to talk with US President Reagan 1987 – INF TREATY created Called for the destruction of nuclear weapons

…Gorbachev could put more money into his new programs… What did this lead to? With military spending reduced… …Gorbachev could put more money into his new programs…

What was perestroika? Began in 1986 PERESTROIKA Restructuring the economy Restructuring the government By 1990, non-Communist parties were allowed to organize

“Gorbachev has made the Soviet Union safe for dissent” What was glasnost? In the past, people who criticized the government were: Punished Kicked out of the country Sent to forced labor camps GLASNOST “Gorbachev has made the Soviet Union safe for dissent” A policy of openness – citizens could say or write what they thought without facing punishment

What was demokratizatsiya? Began in 1987 DEMOKRATIZATSIYA Moving toward democracy – more than one Communist candidate could run for office People who wanted to bring changes to the Soviet Union could now have more of a say in the government

Perestroika Glasnost Gorbachev’s Changes demokratizatsiya Other

Knowledge Connections Vocabulary  Coup Market Economy Term Definition Knowledge Connections Picture

How did revolutions affect Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union? Essential Question How did revolutions affect Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union?

Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev said he would not interfere Why did changes occur in Eastern Europe? The changes in the Soviet Union caused Eastern European nations to seek changes in their countries Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev said he would not interfere

People opposed to communism were elected to lead these countries How did Eastern Europe change? 1989 - Peaceful revolutions occurred in: Poland Hungary Czechoslovakia Romania Bulgaria People opposed to communism were elected to lead these countries

What about Germany? Revolution eventually spread to Germany… Nov. 9, 1989 – The gates of the Berlin Wall are opened The Berlin Wall was torn down in hatred Within a year, Germany was ONE democratic nation

All 15 Soviet republics declared their independence What about the Soviet Union? Communists in the Soviet Union feared a revolution in their country… … they formed a coup and attempted to takeover the government… Russia The coup failed! All 15 Soviet republics declared their independence

What happened to the Soviet Union? The President of Russia outlawed communism Mikhail Gorbachev announced the end of the Soviet Union The Cold War was over!!!

Dmitry Medvedev (2008-present) What Russia like after the Cold War? Since the end of the Cold War, there have only been three leaders of Russia Dmitry Medvedev (2008-present) Boris Yeltsin (1991-1999) Vladimir Putin (2000-2008)

What changes were brought to Russia? Created a market economy (similar to the United States) Fought against Chechnya (a province that wanted its independence) Allowed the purchase and sale of land (an attempt to boost economic growth) Joined the World Trade Organization in 2012

The end of communism in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe