“Brain-like” Characteristics/Examples of Political Organization “whole” in “parts” Redundancy Requisite variety Minimum specs Learn to learn (ie., double-loop learning) Presidential primaries (Traditional) major party organization U.S. as a federal system (differences among states)

Applying the “Brain” Metaphor to the Columbia Report passage: “whole” in “parts” Redundancy Requisite variety Minimum specs Learn to learn                     Which of these elements were present or lacking? Explain? Which are present or lacking in your organization?

Machine-logic vs. Brain-logic in roles/missions of the following Federal Emergency Management Agency? U.S. Environmental Protection Agency? County Welfare/”Workfare” agency? U.S. Dept. of Homeland Security?

Pressures against self-learning organizations in the Public Sector: Efficiency? Cost-reduction? “Reform” tends to take the form of centralization and co-ordination? Others????