Landmark Supreme court cases

Marbury v. Madison 1803 DECISION Established the concept of Judicial Review: the Supreme court has the final authority to find acts of government unconstitutional

Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier What happened DECISION 1st Amendment (1988) Students wrote an article the principal would not allow to be published in the school newspaper DECISION Schools can filter or limit information that is placed into a school newspaper. This case allows school officials to have full control of school sponsored activities Activities can continue “so long as their actions are reasonably related to legitimate pedagogical concerns 1st Amendment (1988)

New Jersey v. T.L.O. What happened DECISION 4th Amendment (1985) 2 students caught smoking in bathroom, sent to VP, asked to open purses, VP found rolling paper used for marijuana, asked students to dump out purses, found money, marijuana, and list of people owing her money DECISION Schools are only required to have “reasonable suspicion” to search students 4th Amendment (1985)

Bethel School District v. Fraser What happened Obscene Speech at assembly DECISION Schools may limit the profane, obscene lewd speech of a student 1st Amendment (1983)

Tinker v. Des Moines What happened DECISION 1st Amendment (1969) Students wore black arm bands protesting Vietnam War, they were suspended DECISION A student does not shed his rights at the door. Black armbands to protest the Vietnam War can be worn since they are not disruptive. 1st Amendment (1969)

McCulloch v. Maryland What happened DECISION Supremacy Clause (1819) Maryland tried to put a tax on a branch of the Bank of the US DECISION A state cannot tax a federal institution Supremacy Clause (1819)

Dred Scott v. Sandford What happened DECISION 5th Amendment (1857) Sandford lived in MO (a slave state) took Dred Scott to IL (a free state) and Scott said he was now free DECISION States cannot deprive a person of his right to property 5th Amendment (1857)

Plessy v. Ferguson What happened DECISION 14th Amendment (1896) Plessy (1/8 of African decent) sat in white only train car, would not move when asked DECISION Established the concept of “separate but equal” in public facilities 14th Amendment (1896)

Brown v. Board of Education What happened Mr. Brown wanted his daughter to attend the neighborhood school (she was black and the school was for whites) DECISION Schools were desegregated. Separate is unequal. Separate but equal has no place Integrated schools Overturned Plessy v. Ferguson 14th Amendment (1954)

Korematsu v. United States What happened Mr. Korematsu said it is not Constitutional for people of Japanese decent to be forced to move to internment camps DECISION Justices ruled for US government saying that times of national hardship and extreme times can allow some individual rights to be taken away Court upheld the military order presented by the circumstances of WW II – “Pressing public necessity may sometimes justify the existence of restrictions which curtail the civil rights of a single racial group” 5th Amendment – Due Process (1944)

Gregg v. Georgia What happened DECISION 8th and 14th Amendments (1976) Sentenced to death for 2 counts murder DECISION Upheld sentences of death – death penalty itself does not violate the Constitution 8th and 14th Amendments (1976)

Gideon v. Wainwright What happened DECISION 6th Amendment (1963) Gideon charged with crime, at that time in FL lawyers only given for death penalty and insanity cases, he had no money to pay a lawyer and was found guilty DECISION All accused persons are entitled to a lawyer, even if they cannot afford one. Right to Counsel Person must have counsel provided, regardless of the charges filed against them Gideon Rule 6th Amendment (1963)

Miranda v. Arizona What happened DECISION 5th Amendment (1966) Miranda arrested but not told his right to not confess to the crime, he signed a confession and was convicted DECISION A person must be read his or her rights before being arrested. When Ernesto Miranda was arrested and questioned and signed a confession that listed that he had “full knowledge of his legal rights”, he was not made aware of his rights to counsel and the confession was illegally gained. 5th Amendment (1966)

Mapp v. Ohio What happened DECISION 4th and 14th Amendment (1962) Police searched Mapp’s house with a fake warrant and found illegal material DECISION Illegally obtained evidence cannot be used in court. Illegal Evidence and Due Process Clause No illegal search and seizures applied to all states Before this rule not every state incorporated excluding evidence gained through an illegal search Exclusionary Rule 4th and 14th Amendment (1962)

Engel v. Vitale What happened DECISION 1st Amendment (1962) School board required students to say a prayer at beginning of each day DECISION A school cannot require students to pray. This court case upheld separation of church and state. Establishment Clause Eliminated prayers in school Students cannot be forced to recite a prayer because it violates their 1st Amendment right to freedom of religion 1st Amendment (1962)

Texas v. Johnson What happened DECISION 1st Amendment (1989) Texas had a law against desecrating the Flag, Mr. Johnson burned a Flag in protest DECISION The Government cannot limit a citizen’s right to burn the US Flag This case protected the rights of individuals to freedom of expression, even if in this case that expression is the burning of the American flag 1st Amendment (1989)

Roe v. Wade What happened/Decision 4th Amendment (1973) A state cannot take away a woman’s right to an abortion 4th Amendment (1973)

Schenck v. US What happened DECISION 1st Amendment (1919) Prominent socialist distributed flyers urging men to resist the WWI draft DECISION Free speech is limited during times of war and 1st Amendment rights are not absolute 1st Amendment (1919)