Foundations of Art: Types of Art, Mediums, and Architecture

2 Dimensional: Drawing Pencil (graphite) Charcoal Chalk/pastels Ink

2D: Painting 1. Encaustic 2. Tempera 3. Fresco 4. Oil 5. Acrylic pigment mixed with hot wax, usually used on wood 2. Tempera Pigment mixed with dried egg yolk) 3. Fresco Pigment mixed with water applied to wet a wet lime-plaster surface. 4. Oil pigment mixed with linseed oil. 5. Acrylic Newer (1900’s) medium. Pigment mixed with acrylic polymer that are water based. 6. Watercolor and Gouache Watercolor=pigment in water with a sticky binder. Originally honey. Gouache= watercolor with chalk added. 7. Spray paint Spray enamel. 1 4 3 2 6 Gouache 5 6 Watercolor 7

Try it out!!! We will create an “AP Art History” sign in class using acrylic, oil, pastels and gouache. Think about what is “feels” like to use the medium and really pay attention to how it “looks” on the paper. This will help you identify a work of art by medium. What differences do you notice?

Printmaking Relief= cut away non-printing areas Intaglio= cut away printing areas. From Italian to cut into Planographic= flat surface where ink adheres. Relief: Woodblock Carving or relief print into wood. Ink is then applied to the wood surface and transfers the image to paper. New woodblock needed for each color! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BAaR9UHsUA0 Intaglio: Engraving Image is scratched onto a metal printing plate. Many copies can be made. Mass production! Intaglio: Etching Metal plate with acid coating. Artists scratches into and then plate is immersed in acid which “bites” the metal. Artist has more control than in engraving. Planographic: Lithograph Originally stone. Today is ink plates. Newspapers are printed this way. Mass production! Planographic: Silkscreen Fine nylon mesh allows ink to pass through. Allows for heavy ink covering on a wide variety of surfaces with bold color. Also, creates a right-reading image instead of a mirror image.

Illuminated Manuscripts

Ceramics Clay: Earthenware soft, easy to manipulate. Ex: terracotta. Porous. Clay: Stoneware harder, but more difficult to mold. Less porous. Porcelain: high temperature ceramic. Feldspar + Kaolin +Silica. China: fine porcelain that is fired at the highest possible temp and often double glazed.

3D: Sculpture Freestanding (“in the round”) Relief: Bust bas-relief=little depth high relief =great depth Bust

Methods of sculpture Additive: sculptor casts or constructs sculpture by adding material to make the final piece. Casting: pouring a liquid (metal or plaster) into a form or mold. Greeks used bronze and most of these originals are gone today (Romans melted them for weapons.) Modeling: molding clay or wax, the artist adds material. Earthworks: manipulating and using the surface of the earth as your medium.

Methods of sculpture Subtractive process: sculptor carves, drills, or chisels away to sculpt. May then buff to get a smooth surface. Carving: as the name implies. Usually either stone (marble) or ivory since wood deteriorates. Ivory Stone Marble. (Michelangelo’s Moses, but notice the horns?) Biblical translation of “rays of light” was “horns” in Italian, so that is what he created.) Wood

Architecture: Basic vocab Define and then create with Playdoh!!!! Load bearing: Make a pile to build, limited interior space. Ex: pyramids Post and Lintel: Creates a span for interior space. Horizontal beam supported by a post at either end. Hypostyle (halls): using a series of columns for support Temple of Amun Re hypostyle hall https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q4W4uLK9rvs Romanesque: Uses rounded arches. Nave is central space of a cathedral or basilica. Pediment: triangular space that connects a row of columns (Greeks) Buttress/flying buttress arch on exterior of building to transfer weight from the vault/main structure. When stained glass was added, it weakened the structure so they had to get creative. Frieze Horizontal band of painted or sculpted decoration.

Greek “classic” column styles ROMAN

Greek or Roman? Why? Use vocab.

Let’s act these out to review. 1. Post and Lintel 2 Let’s act these out to review! 1. Post and Lintel 2. Roman rounded arch 3. Gothic pointed arch 4. Triangular Pediment 5. Buttress 6. Flying buttress 7. Barrel vault 8. Ribbed Groin vault