WATER IN THE ATMOSPHERE/ water on earth INSTRUCTED BY: MS. SORN

ANNOUNCEMENTS NO-NAME PILE TOMORROW IS MIDTERM STUDY GUIDE & REVIEW DAY. OUR EXAM WILL BE ON WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 8TH, 2017. I WILL POST MY TEACHER’S GUIDE FOR YOU TOMORROW, 2/3/17 ON THE BHM SITE.

Pg # - do now: water on earth – 2/2/17 Question: How is wind formed? Answer: Air moves from areas of high pressure to low pressure.

KEY VOCAB 04 PACKET – WORDS 7, 8 Today is 2/2/17 KEY VOCAB 04 PACKET – WORDS 7, 8 7. cold front (adj/noun)- the boundary of an advancing mass of cold air, in particular the trailing edge of the warm sector of a low-pressure system. 8. warm front (adj/noun)- the boundary of an advancing mass of warm air, in particular the leading edge of the warm sector of a low-pressure system.

Today’s homework – THURSDAY, 2/2/17 LAB REPORT- RAIN SHADOW EFFECT (DUE TOMORROW!) READING SET “WATER ON EARTH” – DO PAGE 4 (TRY NOW)

LEARNING TARGET I will observe and analyze statistical data to make predictions on weather and climate in a specific region.

What is the difference between weather and climate? ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS What is the difference between weather and climate? Weather describes the atmospheric conditions in a region, at a specific point in time. It is reported in short time frames - minutes, hours, days, and weeks. Weather is the combination of temperature, humidity, precipitation, cloudiness, visibility, and wind. It also includes sunshine, hail, snow, sleet, thunderstorms, and tornadoes.

What is the difference between weather and climate? ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS What is the difference between weather and climate? Climate is defined as statistical weather information. It is the average pattern for weather over a period of time (months, years, or decades). Climate represents the synthesis of weather; it is the weather of a region averaged over some period (usually 30 years) plus statistics of weather extremes. 

How are landforms influential of weather/ climate? ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS How are landforms influential of weather/ climate? Landforms affect the amount of moisture in the atmosphere. A rain shadow is a dry region that is behind a mountain. This area behind the mountain does not get the prevailing winds that the other side of the mountain gets. On the front side of the mountain (called the windward side), the moist air rises to the top, and the air becomes cooler. When the air cools, it cannot hold as much moisture, so the water vapor condenses as rain or snow and falls on the windward side of the mountain. As the air continues over the mountain, it has lost most of its moisture content and very little rain or snow falls on the backside (called the leeward side) of the mountain, creating a rain shadow.

How do ocean currents affect weather/ climate? ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS How do ocean currents affect weather/ climate? Ocean currents drive weather patterns. Currents are movements of ocean water in a continuous flow. Ocean currents affect the weather along coastal areas by transporting warm water and rain from the equator toward the poles and cold water from the poles back to the equator.

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS What are the three major driving factors that determine local weather patterns? 1. Landforms 2. Wind 3. Ocean Currents

Pg# water in the atmosphere 2/2/17 ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS 1. What causes air pressure? BIG IDEAS The matter in the atmosphere is actually pulled down on Earth’s surface due to the force of gravity, which causes pressure.  Therefore, the matter in the atmosphere is actually pulled down on Earth’s surface due to the force of gravity, which causes pressure. The more matter present in an area, the higher the air pressure. The less matter present in an area, the lower the air pressure. As heated air rises, an area of low pressure forms. When cooler air up in the atmosphere sinks, air is pushed down in an area, creating an area of high pressure.

Pg# water in the atmosphere 2/2/17 ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS 2. By what means does wind occur? BIG IDEAS 2. Wind is a result of temperature and pressure differences.  Air movement (HIGH PRESSURE  LOW PRESSURE) Wind is a result of temperature and pressure differences. Wind results when air moves from a HIGH pressure area toward a LOW pressure area. Molecules of air move directionally from areas of HIGH to LOW pressure, just as thermal energy always transfers from substances of high temperatures to low temperatures, never in the opposite direction.

Pg# water in the atmosphere 2/2/17 ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS 3. What causes global changes in temperature patterns? BIG IDEAS 3. The absorption of the radiant energy will not occur equally because of the varying surfaces on Earth. Radiant energy is absorbed by Earth’s waters and landmasses. The absorption of the radiant energy will not occur equally because of the varying surfaces on Earth. This causes global changes in temperature patterns. The equatorial region receives more direct radiant energy as compared to other areas on the planet, so convention currents result. These convection currents cause global wind patterns with the warmer air rising and cooler air sinking. This recurring pattern of uneven heating will happen at other latitudes causing convection in these locations. The global winds formed from this influence weather all over Earth. Differences in air temperatures will cause differences in air pressure resulting in the formation of wind. The pressure differences can cause local to global winds.

Pg# water in the atmosphere 2/2/17 ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS 4. What are the four major components to the weather? BIG IDEAS 4. There are four major components to the weather: air masses, fronts, air pressure, and the jet stream.  An air mass is a large body of air that has similar temperature and moisture properties throughout and can be as big as the size of a continent. Boundaries between air masses are called fronts; they are zones of transition between the very different characteristics of two air masses. There are four types of frontal boundaries that produce typical weather conditions: cold fronts, warm fronts, stationary fronts and occluded fronts. The jet stream is a fast moving current of air, found high in the atmosphere. Jet streams play a role in the movement of huge air masses and can affect the development of low pressure areas near Earth’s surface.

Pg# water in the atmosphere 2/2/17 ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS 5. How are weather forecasts made? BIG IDEAS 5. It is by collecting data about the state of the atmosphere at a given place and using scientific knowledge to predict how the atmosphere will act in that place. Weather forecasting is a prediction of what the weather will be like in an hour, tomorrow, or next week. Weather forecasts are made by collecting data about the state of the atmosphere at a given place and using scientific knowledge to predict how the atmosphere will act in that place. Meteorologists use the various components of the weather (air pressure, movement of air masses, movement of the jet stream, and knowledge of weather at frontal boundaries) to forecast the weather. Meteorologists predict weather, not climate.

WATER ON EARTH Due to the tilt of Earth’s axis, not all areas on Earth receive equal amounts of energy from the Sun.  The Sun’s radiation provides the energy for Earth. This energy from the Sun heats up Earth’s surface and all things on it. Even though the Sun emits a constant amount of energy, Earth does not receive equal amounts of energy during the year as it revolves around the Sun. In addition, due to the tilt of Earth’s axis, not all areas on Earth receive equal amounts of energy from the Sun. For example, the equator receives more direct radiation than the poles. The process of convection redistributes this energy north or south from the equator to the poles.

How is a fluid used in our context? Any substance that flows is considered a fluid. Even gases, such as air, can be classified as fluids. Heat moves in fluids through several processes, including convection. Convection is the transfer of heat by the actual movement of the heated fluid. Any substance that flows is considered a fluid. This includes such things as water, shampoo, sunscreen, and even honey. This includes a commonly missed misconception about gases as fluids. Even gases, such as air, can be classified as fluids.

Convection currents within a boiling pot  of water are analogous to the  convection currents in the ocean. Convection is the process that transfers heat in fluids such as gas or liquids. When you boil a pot of water, the water on the bottom heats first. As this water warms, it expands, becomes less dense, and rises to the surface. Cooler (more dense) water at the top sinks to the bottom to replace it and this convection current continues. The same process occurs in the atmosphere.

PG # DO NOW: WATER ON EARTH 2/2/17 ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS: 1. Aside from wind, what else drives ocean currents? BIG IDEAS: 1. Temperature and salinity are also drivers of ocean currents, particularly deep ocean currents. As Earth’s surface is warmed by the Sun, the air closest to the surface is heated, expands, rises, and is replaced at the surface by cooler air that sinks from above. Air pressure and winds are created by the convection process. Winds are created by differences in air pressure; different air pressures are due to differences in density of air masses which can be caused during convection. Jet streams in the atmosphere are responsible for transporting high and low pressure systems, which are responsible for local weather conditions. Just like the jet stream, currents in the ocean more in a predictable pattern.

The frozen arctic makes the ocean  currents passing through much colder. The average global sea surface temperature is around 17o C, but it ranges from around freezing at the poles to 35o C in some areas of the tropics. In addition, on average, 3.47% of the global oceans are salt, but this can vary depending on the location and depth.

PG # DO NOW: WATER ON EARTH 2/2/17 BIG IDEAS: 1. By thermohaline circulation: These deep- ocean currents are driven by differences in the water’s density, which is controlled by temperature (thermo) and salinity (haline). ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS: 2. How do the deep ocean currents circulate from the tropics to the poles? The thermohaline circulation is the major, deep ocean current that transports energy from the tropics to the poles. The Gulf Stream is a component of this circulation, transporting warm, tropical surface waters north. As water in the Gulf Stream moves north, the heat energy in the water is transferred to the air, and thereby, the water becomes cooler, denser, and sinks. This new cold, dense water then flows back towards the equator deep in the ocean.

Thermohaline circulation https://pmm.nasa.gov/education/videos/thermohaline-circulation-great-ocean- conveyor-belt The oceans are mostly composed of warm salty water near the surface over cold, less salty water in the ocean depths. These two regions don't mix except in certain special areas, which creates a large slow current called the thermohaline circulation.