The language of anatomy

Learning goals We are learning the relationship between anatomical planes/axes and the various planes of movement. We are learning the basic movements and positions involving a joint.

What is Anatomy? Anatomy is the STRUCTURE of the human body. Anatomy is a branch of science that deals with the structures that make up the human body, and how those structures relate to each other. Anatomy is the STRUCTURE of the human body.

How would you answer the following? The elbow is ____________________________ the hand. The foot is ____________________________ the knee. The belly button is ____________________________ the love handles. The ears are __________________________ the nose. The calf muscle is __________________________ the leg bones. The nose is __________________________ the back of the head.

Anatomical language Before we look at the anatomy of the SKELETAL and MUSCULAR systems, we first need to have a basic understanding of anatomical language!

Anatomical position is the reference position used to describe the location of anatomical parts and to describe and explain human movement. the subject is: standing upright with feet flat on the floor arms at the side of the body facing the observer palms are facing forward (supinated) Don’t forget PALMS FORWARD!

Describing anatomical relationships Starting from the standard anatomical position, anatomical relationships are described as follows: Anterior / Posterior Superior / Inferior Medial / Lateral Proximal / Distal

Terms Anterior (ventral): nearer to or in front of the body Posterior (dorsal): nearer to or at the back of the body Medial: inside, toward the midline Lateral: outside, away from the midline Proximal: nearer to the attachment of an extremity (limb) to the trunk; nearer to the point of origin Distal: farther from the attachment of an extremity (limb) to the trunk; farther away from the point of origin

Terms Superior: nearer the head Inferior: farther away from the head

Now How would you answer the following? The elbow is ____________________________ the hand. The foot is ____________________________ the knee. The belly button is ____________________________ the love handles. The ears are __________________________ the nose. The calf muscle is __________________________ the leg bones. The nose is __________________________ the back of the head.

DIRECTIONAL TERMS PRACTICE Your nose is _____ to your eyes (medial/lateral). Your skin lies _____ to your muscles (superficial/deep). Your teeth are _____ to your lips (anterior/posterior). Your knees are _____ to your ankles (superior/inferior). Your hands are _____ to your elbows (proximal/distal).

Create a statement for the following pairs: brain / skull ankle / shin thumb / ‘pinky’ collar bone / shoulder blade ribs / hips

ACTIVITY: PICK A PART I am superior to waist I am distal to the L wrist I am superficial to the skin I am lateral to the L ring finger, but medial to the L index finger I am posterior to the palm I am distal to all the knuckles WHAT AM I? YOUR TURN...come up with a “riddle” of your own (start general)

Planes of motion the two dimensional space cut by a moving body or the plane along which movements occur. generally three planes used to describe segmental and body movements in physical activity.

1. Sagittal plane a vertical plane that cuts the body into right and left sides NOTE: if the plane divides the body right down the middle, we call it the MEDIAN (or MIDSAGITTAL)

2. Frontal (coronal) plane vertical plane that cuts the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts

3. Transverse (horizontal) plane horizontal plane that cuts the body into superior and inferior parts

Anatomical axes Used to describe the direction of movement at joints: Antero-posterior axis Longitudinal axis Horizontal axis

Antero-posterior axis Horizontal axis extends from one side of the body to the other. Longitudinal axis is vertical, running from head to toe. Antero-posterior axis extends from the front of the body to the back.

general rule The PLANE will be parallel with the movement, the AXIS will be perpendicular to the direction of movement.

Movement at joints

Movement at joints Abduction moves a body part away from the medial plane Adduction moves a body part toward the medial plane Flexion reduces the angle between two bones Extension increases the angle between two bones

Movement at joints Dorsiflexion moves the ankle in the sagittal plane to reduce the angle between the foot and the lower leg Plantar Flexion moves the ankle in the sagittal plane to increase the angle between the foot and the lower leg Pronation rotates the wrist and hand to a palm down position Supination rotates of the wrist and hand to a palm up position

Movement at joint Eversion occurs when the lateral surface of the foot is raised to turn the sole of the foot outward Inversion occurs when the medial surface of the foot is raised to turn the sole of the foot inward Internal Rotation occurs when a limb moves its anterior surface medially External Rotation occurs when a limb moves its anterior surface laterally

Movement at joint

Summary The anatomical position is the starting point for describing anatomical relationships and movements. The anatomical position is further divided into anatomical planes and anatomical axes. Movement occurs along an anatomical plane and around an anatomical axis. Anatomical planes and axes are at right angles to each other. Using this standard terminology, it is possible to describe human movement — for example, flexion/ extension, abduction/adduction, supination/ pronation, etc.

Learning goals We are learning the relationship between anatomical planes/axes and the various planes of movement. We are learning the basic movements and positions involving a joint.