Pest control for the storage of cowpea by small scale farmers in SSA towards participation in action-research
The project Organisations –DfID –NRI, MOFA, SARI, NGOs, Farmers unions… Duration Research to Action-research & Participatory research Cowpea ( Black-eye bean ) –Traditional - widespread –Beans, leaves, fodder –Adapted – drought, poor soil Storage on farm Pest damage Adapted solution –Effective –Safe –Affordable –Acceptable
Location
SSA
Ghana
Northern region Rainy season: July - September
Dry season Dry season: November - May
Tamale market
Cowpea with damage
Cowpea and bruchid Callosobruchus maculatus
Surveys
Damage on stored cowpea Farmers coping strategy Control methods
On-farm surveys Northern Ghana Farmers stores Surveys –monthly assessments –dry season –% damage –2 years
DecJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSep % damage Surveys Number of farmers affected Damage on stored cowpea in the Northern Region during the storage season 96-97
JanFebMarAprMayJunJul Surveys Damage on stored cowpea in the Northern Region during the storage season 97-98: 131 farmers
JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAug Surveys Farmers stop storage – variation of damage (131 farmers)
On-farm trials DecJanFebMarAprMayJun
Surveys: control methods used on cowpea TreatmentRegion Mean % damage Number of farmers Cypermethrin / sun driedNR66.21 Phosphine / CypermethrinNR60.11 CypermethrinNR45.38 Sumicombi (Fenitrothion + Fenvalerate) NR44.54 sun driedNR40.51 not treatedNR36.29 Cypermethrin / SumicombiNR36.02 NapthaleneNR23.42 PhosphineNR17.45 Mix with ash, no heat: heated over fire later UER7.81 Mix with ashUER7.42 Heat over fire and mix ashUER6.231 Heat over fire and mix ash and orange peel UER3.51
Type of treatmentTreatmentRegion Mean % damage Number of farmers Not treated-NR UER4.51 Actellic2% dustNR16.71 (Pirimiphos methyl)25% emulsifiable concentrateNR9.11 Dry materialsMixed with wood ashUER3.42 mixedMixed with ash and kul-enkaUER2.11 Kimkim mixed with seedUER0.92 Water basedImmerse in warm waterUER5.71 ashImmerse in ash in warm waterUER1.41 Steamed ash in water, pored over bambara, driedUER1.33 Immerse in warm water, dry, mix in ashUER0.63 dawadawaDawadawa seed boiled in water, poured over grainUER10.73 Dawadawa seed boiled in water, poured over grain, coat with ash UER0.11 Dawadawa seed and kimkim boiled in water, poured over grain UER3.21 kimkimDipped in boiled kimkim waterNR2.512 Immerse in kimkim boiled waterUER6.45 Immerse in kimkim and neem leaves boiled waterUER26.51 Immerse in kimkim boiled water, dry, mix with ashUER1.22 Immerse in kimkim boiled water, dry,UER0.65 shea butterSoak in shea butter waste waterNR2.06 Immerse in water in which shea butter dissolvedUER1.62 neem & orange peelAdded orange peel to water with neemUER0.01
On-station trials
Test of control methods From surveys: –Ash –Chilli –Shea nut butter –Shea nut residue –Plant extracts From literature: –Hermetic storage –Solarisation
Solarisation 0 11:1611:4612:1612:4613:1613:4614:1614:46 Time of day 57.3 Threshold (degrees C) Temperature (degrees C) cowpea 1-2cmcowpea 5cm bambara 1-2cmbambara 5cm ambient
On-farm trials
On-farm test of control methods Selected from on- station results Set-up after harvest Monthly assessment of damage during dry season Control: no treatment –20 farmers –20 kg –bag
1999 trial 0 % 10 % 20 % 30 % 40 % 50 % Hermetic Solarisation + Shea nut Shea nut Kim-kim Control Ash Chilli Palaga Percentage damage Average damage increase after 2 months of storage (with SEM)
2000 trial
Farmers trials
Would farmers use or recommend the treatment? ControlSolar. + ash Solar. Monthly Solar. + shea yes no Results On-farm trials Average damage (with SEM) at the end of the storage period ControlSolar. + ash Solar. monthly Solar. + shea Percentage damage April May June Farmers' perceptions of the treatment used Control Solar. + ash Solar. Monthly Solar. + shea v. good good OK not good Number of respondents Germination tests % 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% ControlSolar. + ash Solar. Monthly Solar. + shea Percentage seeds germinating (with number of farmers testing) Rank of germination test among criteria
Extension
Dagbani version
Two locations
Uganda
Reporting
Final workshop
Conclusions Viable solution? –Cost –Scaling up –Follow up Learning process –Collaborative work - decentralisation –From academic research to farmers participatory research…